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Stack #4546316
| Joints are classified into 3 major categories. | using a structural or functional scheme |
| function classified is subdivided into 3 categories, based on degree of movement they permit | 1. synarthroses (immovable) 2. amphiarthroses (slightly movable) 3. diarthroses (freely movable) |
| Articulating surfaces of bones, form _____ _____ fit closely together | fibrous joints |
| Three subtypes of fibrous joints (Synarthroses) | 1. syndesmoses 2. sutures 3. gomphoses |
| Syndesmoses | joints that fibrous bands (ligaments) connect two bones |
| Sutures | found only in skull; teeth like projections jut out from adjacent bones & interlock with each other with thin layer of fibrous tissue between them |
| Gomophoses | unique joints occur between root of tooth & alveolar process of mandible or maxilla |
| Two subtypes of cartilaginous joints (Amphiarthroses) | 1. Synchondroses 2.Symphyses |
| Synchondroses | joints that have hyaline cartilage between articulating bones |
| Symphyses | joint that a pad or disk of fibrocartilage connects two bones |
| Synovial joints (Diarthroses) | freely movable joints, bodies most mobile & most numerous & anatomically most complex joints |
| Structure of synovial joints, characterized in seven structures | 1. Joint capsule 2. Synovial membrane 3. Articular cartilage 4. Joint Cavity 5. Menisci (articular joints) 6. Ligaments 7. Bursae |
| Joint capsule | sleeve like extension of periosteum of each articulating bones |
| Synovial membrane | moist, slippery membrane lines inner surface of joint capsule |
| Articular cartilage | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering & cushioning articular surfaces of bones |
| Joint Cavity | small space between, articulating surfaces of two bones of joint |
| Menisci (articular joints) | pads of fibrocartilage |
| Ligaments | strong cords of dense, white fibrous tissue at most synovial joints |
| Bursae | some synovial joints contain closed pillow like structure, bursa, consist of synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid |
| Synovial Joints are divided into three main groups; further subdivided two groups | 1. uniaxial a) hinge joints b) pivot joints 2. biaxial a) saddle joints b) condyloid joints 3. multiaxial a) ball-and- socket joints b) gliding joints |
| Uniaxial | synovial joints permit movement around only one axis & in only one plane |
| Hinge joints | articulating ends of bones form hinge- shaped unit |
| Pivot Joints | projection of one bone articulates with ring or notch of another bone |
| Biaxial | diarthroses permit movement around two perpendicular axes in two perpendicular planes |
| Saddle joints | articulating ends of bone resemble reciprocally shaped miniature saddles |
| Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints | condyle fits into an elliptical socket |
| Multiaxial | joints that permit movement around three or more axes & in three or more planes |
| Ball- and- socket joints | most movable joints; ball-shaped head of one bone fits into concave depression on another, allowing first bone to move in many directions |
| Gliding joints | characterized by flat articulating surfaces allow limited gliding movements along various axes |
| Humeroscapular | joint between head of humerus & glenoid cavity of scapular, refer to "shoulder joint" |
| Elbow Joint | classic hinge joint formed by two articulations occurring between distal end of humerus & proximal ends of radius & ulna |
| Collateral ligament | fuse with capsule to stabilize joint & help prevent disarticulation |
| Olecranon bursitis | inflammation of bursa associated with prolonged pressure |
| Distal radioulnar joint | point of articulation between ulnar notch of radius & head of ulna above wrist |
| Radioulnar joints | permit pronation & supination of forearm |
| Radio carpal joint | point of articulation between head of radius & scaphoid & lunate carpal bones form typical synovial joint |
| Intercarpal joints | occur at points of articulation between eight carpal bones |
| Carpometacarpal joints | one for thumb, two for fingers |
| Metacarpophalangeal joints | rounded head of metacarpal bones & concave bases of proximal phalanges articulate with each other |
| Interphalangeal joints | hinge-type synovial joints capable of flexion & extension |
| Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints | joints between proximal & middle phalanges |
| Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints | joints between middle & distal phalanges |
| Characteristics about hip joint | stability & mobility |
| Knee (tibiofemoral) joint | largest & one of most complex & commonly injured joints in body |
| Ankle Joint | bony structure of ankle & foot, joints exist between them, enhance stability & weight bearing rather than flexibility & wide range of different movement |
| Vertebral Joints | vertebra connects to another by several joints, between bodies, & between their articular, transverse, spinous processes |
| Gliding joints | synovial joints between articulating surfaces of vertebral processes more moveable |
| Annulus fibrous | fibrous tissue & fibrocartilage form a disk's outer rim |
| Nucleus | consists of a pulpy, elastic substance |
| Synovial joints permit multiple kinds of movement | 1. Angular 2. Circular 3. Gliding 4. Special |
| Range of Motion (ROM) | one of first assessment techniques used by health care provider to determine degree of damage in injured joint |
| Goniometer | if obvious increase or limitation in ROM, goniometer is used to measure the angle |
| Angular movements | change size of angle between articulating bones |
| Flexion | decreases angle between bones |
| Extension | increases angle between bones |
| Hyperextension | extending a part beyond its anatomical position |
| Plantar flexion | occurs when foot is stretched down & back |
| Dorsiflexion | occurs when foot is tilted upward, decreasing angle between top of foot & front of leg |
| Abduction | moves part away from median plane of body, moving leg straight out to side or fingers away from midline of hand |
| Adduction | moves part toward median plane |
| Circular movements | result in arclike rotation of structure around an axis |
| Rotation | pivoting a bone on its own axis |
| Circumduction | moves a part so that distal end moves in a circle |
| Pronation | twist the forearm, moving palm so thumbs point medially |
| Supination | twists forearm in opposite rotation, moving palm so thumbs point laterally |
| Gliding movement | simplest of all movements, articular surface of one bone moves over articular surface of another without angular or circular movement |
| Special movements | unique of unusual movements that occur in limited number of joints |
| Inversion | turns sole of foot inward |
| Eversion | turns sole of foot outward |
| Protraction | moves a part forward |
| Retraction | moves it back |
| Elevation | moves a part up |
| Depression | lowers a part |
Created by:
marissas6981