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biological foundatio
psych exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1948 railroad incident phineas gage | 13-pound iron tamping rod shot through his head, While he recovered physically and remained conscious, the severe frontal lobe damage led to dramatic personality changes |
| Importance of 1948 railroad incident | one of the first medical cases suggesting personality may have a biological basis, linked damage to frontal lobe to changes in personality |
| temperament | biologically based individual differences in emotional and motivational tendencies that are evident early in life |
| What did the new york longitudinal study do? | followed 100+ children from birth to adolescence, used parental reports of infants activity levels, mood, attention span, and persistence |
| What three temperament types did the new york longitudinal study develop? | easy (playful and adaptable), difficult (negative and unadaptable), slow to warm up (low in reactivity and mild |
| What did the new york longitudinal study find a link between? | early temperament and later personality characteristics; difficult babies=difficulty adjusting later on, easy babies=least likely to have adjustment problems later on |
| what did jerome kagan temperament studies use? | direct observation through laboratory studies as opposed to relying solely on parental reports |
| what di jerome kagan temperament studies notice? | children are either inhibited or uninhibited |
| inhibited | reacts to unfamiliar situations with restraint, avoidance, and distress, takes a longer time to relax in new situations, has more unusual fears and phobias; timid and cautious, may become quiet, seek parental comfort, or run and hide |
| uninhibited | enjoys and seeks out novelty, new situations; responds with spontaneity in novel situations; laughs and smiles easily |
| Temperament- hippocrates | four humors, imbalance=distress, illness |
| What did jerome kagan ask? | how early do differences in temperature emerge? how stable are differences in temperament over time? is there a biological basis to these differences? |
| What did jerome kagan hypothesize? | that infants inherit differences in biological functioning that lead them to be more or less reactive to novelty and that this remains stable throughout development |
| Infants born highly reactive to novelty should become? | inhibited children |
| infants born with low reactivity should become? | uninhibited children |
| In jerome kagan's temperament studies what did high-reactive infants display? | more fearful behavior, had higher heart acceleration, and increased blood pressure in response to the unfamiliar at 14 and 21 months; smiled and talked less than low-reactive children at 4.5 years |
| Can temperament shift? | it is overall consistent, but there is some evidence that in can shift especially in response to environmental factors |
| Why did some high-reactive infants not become consistently fearful? | this tended to occur as a result of having mothers who were not overly protective and placed reasonable demands on them |
| Is it common for infants to completely shift group memberships? | no, it is rare |
| Darwins natural selection theory | certain biological features seem better suited to survival, organisms that do not have these traits are less likely to pass on their genes, over time, more of the population has these adaptive traits |
| proximate cause | biological processes operating in the organism at the time the behavior is observed |
| ultimate cause | why do we respond to the environment in a particular way? |
| Why do our psychological mechanisms exist and endure? | because they have been adaptive to survival and reproductive success |
| What features of the mind evolved? | those that solve problems important to reproductive success |
| Evolved psychological mechanisms are? | domain specific |
| The mind contains multiple information-processing devices, each of which? | processes information from one specific domain of life |
| mental modules | special-purpose mechanisms that carry out a domain-specific mental function |
| What do evolutionary psychologists believe about biological differences between sexes? | that they are cause for different roles and behaviors |
| What have the different problems that males and females have faced lead to? | differences in brain development, and as a result, distinct thoughts, feelings, and emotions |
| parental investment theory | biological differences make parenting more costly for women |
| Reasons why parenting is more costly for women | age, fertility limits, nine months of pregnancy |
| Why are women more selective with their mates? | focused on resources and protection |
| parenthood probability theory | women carry their fertilized eggs, can be more sure that their offspring are their own |
| Males cannot be as sure that offspring are their own and are motivated to ensure... | that their resources are directed toward their own offspring |
| Theorists suggest that males have greater concerns about... | sexual rivals and chastity |
| According to evolutionary hypotheses, what should a woman's mate value for.a man be determined by? | her reproductive capacity (youth, attractiveness) and chastity (increased probability of paternity) |
| According to evolutionary hypotheses, what should a man's mate value for a woman be determined by? | evidence of the resources he can supply (income, ambition) |
| What should males and females differ in? | jealousy |
| jealousy of males | sexual infidelity and the threat to paternal probability |
| jealousy of females | emotional attachments (which threatens loss of resources) |
| What are sex differences also a product of? | features of the society (level of gender equality, opportunities, etc) |
| biosocial perspective | sex differences result from interactions between biology and social factors (economic conditions, divisions of labor) |
| behavioral genetics | the study of how genes contribute to behavior |
| genes do not directly determine | traits |
| What do genes do? | direct the biological functioning of the body, and interact with the environment |
| three primary research methods of behavioral genetics | selective breeding studies, twin studies, adoption studies |
| selective breeding | animals with a desired trait for study are selected and mated; repeated until a consistent strain of animals with that trait is achieved |
| in selective breeding what do researchers do after they have developed a consistent "strain" of animals with a trait? | subject the different strains to different experimentally controlled developmental conditions to study the impact of environment and genes |
| What have researchers learned about alcoholism? | genes that predispose certain people to respond to alcohol, addiction, and withdrawal in a particular way |
| twin studies | utilizing monozygotic and/or dizygotic twins to study the degree to which genetic factors explain person-to-person variations in personality |
| Since MZ twins are genetically identical, a systematic difference between them must be due to? | environmental effects |
| If genetics influence a given personality characteristic, then MZ twins should... | be more similar on the given personality characteristic than are DZ twins |
| adoption studies | studying the similarity of adopted children to their biological parents (genetics) and to their adoptive parents (environment) |
| What did the twin studies find about MZ twins that are raised apart? | they are about as similar to one another as were MZ twins raised together |
| As genetic similarity increases, so does... | the magnitude of the correlations for IQ |
| brain plasiticity | brain may not be completely fixed, potential for change in neurobiological systems as a result of experience and environmental influence |
Created by:
camrynfoster