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behaviorism
psych exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do people change and learn in reaction to? | their environment (environmental determinism) |
| determinism | the belief that people's behavior is "caused in a lawful scientific manner" |
| What do behaviorists not believe? | that people freely choose their actions |
| What is behavior casually determined by? | environmental factors |
| What is behaviorism strongly focused on? | how the environment shapes a person's behavior (less focus on internal experiences) |
| situation specific behavior | since environmental factors are the causes of behavior, behavioral style is expected to vary significantly from one environment to another |
| What do behaviorists expect as people adapt to situations that present different rewards and punishments for different types of behavior? | behaviors will vary |
| What is psychopathology or distress caused by? | exposure to maladaptive environments |
| behaviorism goal of therapy | provide a new environment or learning experience to produce more adaptive behavior |
| behaviorism main concepts | determinism/environmental determinism, situational specificity |
| four main points of behavioral theory | empirical research cornerstone, personality theory/ applied practice based on principles of learning, behavior responsive to reinforcement variables, more situation specific, medical symptom disease view is rejected, emphasis on learning/ behavior change |
| Ivan pavlov | classical conditioning, generalization |
| classical conditioning | a process in which a stimulus that initially is neutral becomes associated with some other stimulus that does produce a response |
| generalization | when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with similar stimuli |
| John watson | expanded on the work of Ivan Pavlov, "little albert" experiment |
| "little albert experiment" | conditioned emotional reaction, a child developed a fear of a white rabbit after it was paired with a loud, frightening noise. after, Albert became afraid of other similar stimuli (e.g., fur, white objects). |
| BF skinner | operant conditioning |
| BF skinner structure of personality- response | external, observable piece of behavior that can be related to environmental events |
| What can response range from? | a simple reflex response (salivation) to a complex piece of behavior (solving a math problem) |
| what does learning involve? | the association or connection of responses to events in the environment |
| operants | organisms emitting the responses |
| Initial cause of behavior | the organism itself, not stimuli in the environment |
| reinforcer | something that follows a response and increases the probability of the response occuring again |
| what is a reinforcer defined according to? | the effects of the potential reinforcer on behavior and varies from person to person |
| positive reinforcement example | dog sniffs out hidden object, receives a treat |
| negative reinforcement example | put on seatbelt to stop annoying dinging, clean room to avoid having electronics taken away |
| positive punishment example | spray cat with water for jumping on counters, getting a ticket for speeding, having to pay a late fee for missing monthly payment |
| negative punishment example | time-out for misbehavior, losing access to the car for poor grades, ignoring or withdrawing attention for disruptive behavior |
| fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement | completion of a constant number of responses |
| variable ratio schedule of reinforcement | completion of a challenging number of responses |
| fixed interval schedule of reinforcement | reinforces the first response after a constant amount of time |
| variable interval schedule of reinforcement | reinforces the first response after a changing amount of time |
| behavioral therapy techniques | systematic desensitization, behavioral activation, token economy |
| systematic desensitization (Wolpe) | counterconditioning- individual learns a new response that is physiologically incompatible with an existing response, fear or anxiety response paired with relaxation techniques or distraction; anxiety hierarchy |
| behavioral activation for depression | reinforcing feelings of accomplishment and joy |
| token economy | rewarding desirable behaviors |
| systematic desensitization/ exposure therapy relaxation techniques | 4-7-8 breathing technique, progressive muscle relaxation, 54321 technique, guided imagery |
| What does behavioral theory emphasize in terms of assessment? | identification of specific behaviors, identification of specific environmental factors that elicit, cue, or reinforce the target behaviors, identification of specific environmental factors that can be manipulated to alter the behavior |
| strengths of behavioral theory | committed to systematic research and theory development, recognizes the role of situational and environmental variables in influencing behavior, takes a pragmatic approach to treatment, which can lead to important new developments |
| limitations of behavioral theory | oversimplifies personality and neglects important phenomena, lacks a single, unified theory, requires further evidence to support claims of treatment effectiveness |
Created by:
camrynfoster