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Week 6 study stack
Mid terms!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Homeostasis.What mechanisms (negative and positive feedback) does the body use to maintain it? | It’s primarily regulated through negative feedback mechanisms (e.g., temperature regulation, blood glucose control) that reverse deviations from normal. Positive feedback enhances a process temporarily, such as in blood clotting or childbirth. |
| What are the levels of structural organization in the human body? | The levels are: chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → organ system → organism. For example, atoms form molecules (chemical), which make up cells (cellular), which form tissues like muscle (tissue level), and so on up to the whole body. |
| How do anatomy and physiology differ, and how are they related? | Anatomy is the study of body structure, while physiology focuses on body functions. They are closely related because structure determines function—for instance, the thin walls of the lungs (anatomy) enable gas exchange (physiology). |
| What are the major parts of a typical cell and their functions? | Plasma membrane: Controls what enters and leaves the cell. Nucleus: Contains DNA and controls cell activities. Cytoplasm: Contains organelles. Mitochondria: Produce ATP (energy). Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins. Endoplasmic reticulum: |
| Explain osmosis, diffusion, and active transport. | Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration. Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.Active transport: Uses ATP to move substances against their gradient (low → high), e.g., sodium-potassium pump. |
| What are the four primary tissue types and one example of each? | Epithelial: Covers and lines (e.g., skin epidermis). Connective: Supports and binds (e.g., bone, blood). Muscle: Produces movement (e.g., skeletal muscle). Nervous: Conducts impulses (e.g., brain and spinal cord). |
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? | Skeletal muscle: Voluntary, striated, attached to bones. Cardiac muscle: Involuntary, striated, in the heart, with intercalated discs. Smooth muscle: Involuntary, non-striated, found in organs and blood vessels. |
| Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. | When a nerve impulse triggers the release of calcium ions, they bind to troponin, causing actin and myosin filaments to slide past each other. |
| Define origin, insertion, and action in skeletal muscle movement. | Origin: Fixed point of attachment. Insertion: Movable attachment. Action: The movement produced when the muscle contracts (e.g., biceps brachii flexes the forearm). |
| Compare isotonic and isometric contractions. | Isotonic: Muscle changes length (movement occurs), e.g., lifting a weight. Isometric: Muscle length stays the same (no movement), e.g., holding a plank position. |
| Describe the structure and function of a neuron. | Dendrites: Receive signals.Cell body (soma): Contains the nucleus. Axon: Sends impulses away from the cell body. Axon terminals: Release neurotransmitters at synapses. Neurons transmit electrical impulses for communication throughout the body |
| Explain the events of an action potential. | Depolarization: Sodium (Na⁺) channels open → Na⁺ enters → inside becomes positive. Repolarization: Potassium (K⁺) channels open → K⁺ leaves → inside becomes negative again. Hyperpolarization: Temporary overshoot before returning to resting potential. |
| Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. | Sympathetic: “Fight or flight” — increases heart rate, dilates pupils, slows digestion. Parasympathetic: “Rest and digest” — slows heart rate, stimulates digestion, conserves energy. |
| How does the integumentary system help maintain homeostasis? | The skin helps regulate body temperature through sweat and blood vessel dilation or constriction. It also prevents dehydration, protects from UV radiation, and provides sensory feedback. |
| What are the major functions of the skeletal system? | Support: Framework for the body. Protection: Shields vital organs (e.g., skull protects brain). Movement: Muscles attach to bones for leverage. Storage: Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus. Blood cell formation: Occurs in red bone marrow |
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