Question 1

What is the primary mechanism underlying long-term potentiation (LTP) in synaptic
plasticity?

Accepted Answer

Strengthening of synaptic
connections

Question 2

Which type of synaptic plasticity is associated with the weakening of synaptic connections?

Accepted Answer

Long-term depression

Question 3

Silent synapses are characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Lack of
AMPA receptors

Question 4

Synaptic pruning is a process that involves:

Accepted Answer

Removal of excess synapses;

Question 5

Which type of glutamate receptor plays a crucial role in the induction of NMDA receptor-
dependent LTP

Accepted Answer

AMPA receptors;

Question 6

Peripheral neuropathy primarily affects:

Accepted Answer

Peripheral nerves;

Question 7

Wallerian degeneration refers to the process of degeneration that occurs:

Accepted Answer

Distal
to an injury site along an axon

Question 8

Axon regeneration in peripheral nerves is facilitated by

Accepted Answer

Neurotrophic factors and guidance cues d

Question 9

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result from:

Accepted Answer

Sports-related
concussions;

Question 10

In spinal cord injury (SCI), the severity of functional impairment is often related to

Accepted Answer

The location and extent of the injury

Question 11

. Describe what “Synaptic Response” represents.

Accepted Answer

a synaptic repones represents the change in voltage

Question 12

Describe the difference between AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors. Include functional
differences (ions, ligands, currents), the difference in post synaptic response, and the role of each
receptor in LTP

Accepted Answer

AMPA  Receptors, Glutamate receptor, Activated at -70mV
 CNQX blocks
NMDA receptors
• Glutamate receptor
• Requires prior depolarization
• Mg2+ block
• AP5 blocks

Question 13

What is required for LTP to occur

Accepted Answer

the presynaptic neuron must release glutamate, and The postsynaptic neuron must be sufficiently depolarized at the exact time glutamate is bound.

Question 14

What are additional cellular changes discussed in class that can support a change in synaptic
responses?

Accepted Answer

Changes in Postsynaptic Receptor Properties,Late LTP changes in gene expression and protein synthesis can lead to increased neurotransmitter release

Question 15

How do dendritic spines change during LTP

Accepted Answer

New spines enlarge in response to LTP-
inducing stimuli

Question 16

We discussed how synapses are ‘pruned’. Describe when this occurs and how it happens.
Describe when it is beneficial and when it may be detrimental to brain function and health

Accepted Answer

the process of eliminating excess or weak synaptic connections in the brain, Pruning occurs during early postnatal development, childhood, and adolescence this happens withsynaptogenesisExcessive pruning can lead to a loss of essential neural connections,

Question 17

During which stage of embryonic development does gastrulation occur, leading to the
formation of three germ layers?

Accepted Answer

Gastrula stage

Question 18

The neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system, forms from which
embryonic structure?

Accepted Answer

Ectoderm

Question 19

Which structure forms from the ectoderm and eventually develops into the nervous
system?

Accepted Answer

Neural plate

Question 20

Defects in neural tube formation can lead to the development of:

Accepted Answer

spina bifid

Question 21

Somites, which give rise to structures such as muscles and vertebrae, form from which
embryonic layer?

Accepted Answer

mesoderm

Question 22

The ventricles of the brain form from the expansion of the

Accepted Answer

neural tube

Question 23

Describe a neurological disorder that potentially aligns with the description in the case
study. What evidence provided would support that

Accepted Answer

Lissencephaly

Question 24

How might the structural brain abnormalities noted contribute to the patient’s
developmental delays

Accepted Answer

The strongest supporting evidence is the MRI finding: "a thickened cortex with fewer and broader gyri than normal.

Question 25

Dysfunction during what stage of neurodevelopment would account for the observations
described

Accepted Answer

Neuronal Migration

Question 26

Explain the process of gastrulation and its significance in neurodevelopment

Accepted Answer

Gastrulation is a process in early embryonic development (around the 3rd week of gestation) during which the embryo is transformed from a two-layered structure into a three-layered structure (trilaminar disc), establishing the primary germ layers

Question 27

how does the neural tube form during embryonic development, and what are its eventual
derivatives

Accepted Answer

is the process by which the flat sheet of neuroectoderm (the neural plate) is transformed into a hollow tube structure

Question 28

Describe the process of neuronal migration and its role in shaping the developing brain

Accepted Answer

is the process is the flat sheet of neuroectoderm (the neural plate) is transformed into a hollow tube structure, The neural tube closes to form the entire Central Nervous System (CNS).

Question 29

The anterolateral system (ALS) crosses to the contralateral side of the spinal cord at the
level of the:

Accepted Answer

Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

Question 30

Damage to the dorsal column/medial lemniscus (DC/ML) system would most likely result in
deficits in:

Accepted Answer

Proprioception and fine touch sensation

Question 31

The spinocerebellar system primarily conveys proprioceptive information to the

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Question 32

Which sensory pathway is responsible for transmitting proprioceptive and fine touch
information to the brain

Accepted Answer

Dorsal column/medial lemniscus
(DC/ML) system

Question 33

Pacinian corpuscles are specialized cutaneous tactile receptors primarily responsible for
detecting:

Accepted Answer

Vibration and deep pressure

Question 34

Discuss the sensory deficits experienced by Sarah in terms of the dorsal column/medial
lemniscus (DC/ML) pathway. How do these deficits relate to the anatomical organization of
sensory information within this pathway

Accepted Answer

decreased sensation to light touch and difficult discriminating between textures, the initial sensory processing is compromised at the level of the peripheral receptors and afferent fibers that feed into the DC/ML pathway.

Question 35

How would you describe the dermatomal distribution of the burn injuries sustained by
Sarah Jones in the case study

Accepted Answer

The burn injuries covering the right forearm and hand up to the elbow primarily affect the dermatomes of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord segments.

Question 36

Based on the clinical examination, identify and describe which sensory receptors are likely
affected by the injury.

Accepted Answer

free nerve endings due to the burn injury, nociceptors because the burn damaged the tissue, merkles disks because they are highly sensitive

Question 37

Define the concept of a dermatome and explain its significance in sensory perception and
clinical assessment

Accepted Answer

A dermatome is a specific area of the skin that is mainly supplied by afferent nerve fibers from the dorsal root of a single spinal nerve, Dermatomes create a segmental map of the body's skin surface

Stack #4546205

neuro lecture 2

Term	Definition
What is the primary mechanism underlying long-term potentiation (LTP) in synaptic plasticity?	Strengthening of synaptic connections
Which type of synaptic plasticity is associated with the weakening of synaptic connections?	Long-term depression
Silent synapses are characterized by:	Lack of AMPA receptors
Synaptic pruning is a process that involves:	Removal of excess synapses;
Which type of glutamate receptor plays a crucial role in the induction of NMDA receptor- dependent LTP	AMPA receptors;
Peripheral neuropathy primarily affects:	Peripheral nerves;
Wallerian degeneration refers to the process of degeneration that occurs:	Distal to an injury site along an axon
Axon regeneration in peripheral nerves is facilitated by	Neurotrophic factors and guidance cues d
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result from:	Sports-related concussions;
In spinal cord injury (SCI), the severity of functional impairment is often related to	The location and extent of the injury
. Describe what “Synaptic Response” represents.	a synaptic repones represents the change in voltage
Describe the difference between AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors. Include functional differences (ions, ligands, currents), the difference in post synaptic response, and the role of each receptor in LTP	AMPA Receptors, Glutamate receptor, Activated at -70mV CNQX blocks NMDA receptors • Glutamate receptor • Requires prior depolarization • Mg2+ block • AP5 blocks
What is required for LTP to occur	the presynaptic neuron must release glutamate, and The postsynaptic neuron must be sufficiently depolarized at the exact time glutamate is bound.
What are additional cellular changes discussed in class that can support a change in synaptic responses?	Changes in Postsynaptic Receptor Properties,Late LTP changes in gene expression and protein synthesis can lead to increased neurotransmitter release
How do dendritic spines change during LTP	New spines enlarge in response to LTP- inducing stimuli
We discussed how synapses are ‘pruned’. Describe when this occurs and how it happens. Describe when it is beneficial and when it may be detrimental to brain function and health	the process of eliminating excess or weak synaptic connections in the brain, Pruning occurs during early postnatal development, childhood, and adolescence this happens withsynaptogenesisExcessive pruning can lead to a loss of essential neural connections,
During which stage of embryonic development does gastrulation occur, leading to the formation of three germ layers?	Gastrula stage
The neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system, forms from which embryonic structure?	Ectoderm
Which structure forms from the ectoderm and eventually develops into the nervous system?	Neural plate
Defects in neural tube formation can lead to the development of:	spina bifid
Somites, which give rise to structures such as muscles and vertebrae, form from which embryonic layer?	mesoderm
The ventricles of the brain form from the expansion of the	neural tube
Describe a neurological disorder that potentially aligns with the description in the case study. What evidence provided would support that	Lissencephaly
How might the structural brain abnormalities noted contribute to the patient’s developmental delays	The strongest supporting evidence is the MRI finding: "a thickened cortex with fewer and broader gyri than normal.
Dysfunction during what stage of neurodevelopment would account for the observations described	Neuronal Migration
Explain the process of gastrulation and its significance in neurodevelopment	Gastrulation is a process in early embryonic development (around the 3rd week of gestation) during which the embryo is transformed from a two-layered structure into a three-layered structure (trilaminar disc), establishing the primary germ layers
how does the neural tube form during embryonic development, and what are its eventual derivatives	is the process by which the flat sheet of neuroectoderm (the neural plate) is transformed into a hollow tube structure
Describe the process of neuronal migration and its role in shaping the developing brain	is the process is the flat sheet of neuroectoderm (the neural plate) is transformed into a hollow tube structure, The neural tube closes to form the entire Central Nervous System (CNS).
The anterolateral system (ALS) crosses to the contralateral side of the spinal cord at the level of the:	Dorsal horn of the spinal cord
Damage to the dorsal column/medial lemniscus (DC/ML) system would most likely result in deficits in:	Proprioception and fine touch sensation
The spinocerebellar system primarily conveys proprioceptive information to the	Cerebellum
Which sensory pathway is responsible for transmitting proprioceptive and fine touch information to the brain	Dorsal column/medial lemniscus (DC/ML) system
Pacinian corpuscles are specialized cutaneous tactile receptors primarily responsible for detecting:	Vibration and deep pressure
Discuss the sensory deficits experienced by Sarah in terms of the dorsal column/medial lemniscus (DC/ML) pathway. How do these deficits relate to the anatomical organization of sensory information within this pathway	decreased sensation to light touch and difficult discriminating between textures, the initial sensory processing is compromised at the level of the peripheral receptors and afferent fibers that feed into the DC/ML pathway.
How would you describe the dermatomal distribution of the burn injuries sustained by Sarah Jones in the case study	The burn injuries covering the right forearm and hand up to the elbow primarily affect the dermatomes of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord segments.
Based on the clinical examination, identify and describe which sensory receptors are likely affected by the injury.	free nerve endings due to the burn injury, nociceptors because the burn damaged the tissue, merkles disks because they are highly sensitive
Define the concept of a dermatome and explain its significance in sensory perception and clinical assessment	A dermatome is a specific area of the skin that is mainly supplied by afferent nerve fibers from the dorsal root of a single spinal nerve, Dermatomes create a segmental map of the body's skin surface

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries: