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psych exam 2
biological theories
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phineas gage | 1848 railroad accident, one of the first medical cases suggesting personality may have a biological basis, damage to frontal lobe |
| phineas gage helped understanding of personality by | providing the first major evidence that the brain's frontal lobes are crucial for personality, social behavior, and decision-making |
| temperament | biologically based individual differences in emotional and motivational tendencies that are evident early in life |
| imbalance of temperament | distress and illness |
| four humors of temperament | theory proposes that an individual's behavior and disposition are influenced by the balance of four bodily fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm |
| new york longitudinal studies methods | followed 100+ children from birth to adolescence, used parental reports of infants activity levels, mood, attention span, and persistance |
| three temperament types | easy - playful and adaptable difficult - negative and unadaptable slow to warm up - low in reactivity and mild |
| new york longitudinal studies conclusions | found a link between early temperament and later personality characteristics difficult babies - difficulty adjusting later on easy babies - least likely to have adjustment problems later on "goodness of fit" between parents and babies also plays a role |
| jerome kagan’s temperament research | used direct observation through laboratory studies as opposed to relying soley on parental reports through early observations, noticed that children are iether inhibited or uninhibited |
| inhibited | reacts to unfamiliar situations with restraint, avoidance, and distress, takes a longer time to relax in new situations, has more unusual fears and phobias; timid and cautious, may become quiet, seek parental comfort, or run and hide |
| uninhibited | enjoys and seeks out novelty, new situations; responds with spontaneity in novel situations, laughs and smiles easily |
| jerome kagan hypothesized that | infants inherit differences in biological functioning that lead them to be more or less reactive to novelty and that this remains stable throughout development |
| kagan found that | some high reactive infants did not become consistently fearful and this tended to occur as a result of having mothers who were not overly protective and placed reasonable demands on them |
| darwins natural selection theory | certain biological features seem better suited to survival, organisms that do not have these traits are less likely to pass on their genes, over time more of the population has these adaptive traits |
| proximate | biological processes operating in the organism at the time the behavior is observed |
| ultimate | why do we respond to the environment in a particular way? |
| evolved psychological mechanisms | features of mind that evolved are those that solve problems important to reproductive success, are domain specific, some are adaptive to a way of life from a long time ago and may be no longer needed |
| mental modules | special purpose mechanisms that carry out a domain specific mental function |
| parental investment theory | biological differences make parenting more costly for women |
| things that makes parenting more costly for women | age, fertility limits; nine months of pregnancy women more selective with their mates (focused on resources and protection) |
| parental probability theory | women carry their fertilized eggs, can be more sure that their offspring on their own |
| parental probability theory: males | males cannot be as sure and are motivated to ensure that their resources are directed toward their own offspring theorists suggest that males have greater concerns about sexual rivals and chastity |
| mate value and jealousy hypotheses | a woman's mate value should be determined by her reproductive capacity and chastity a man's mate value should be determined more by evidence of the resources he can supply |
| males and females should differ in jealousy | males - sexual infidelity and the threat to paternal probability females - emotional attachments (which threatens loss of resources) |
| biosocial perspective | sex differences result from interactions between biology and social factors (economic conditions, division of labor) |
| three primary research methods | selective breeding, twin studies, adoption studies |
| selective breeding | animals with desired trait are selected/mated; repeated until a consistent “strain” of animals with that trait is achieved use different strains to different experimentally controlled developmental conditions to study the impact of environment and genes |
| twin studies | utilizing monozygotic (MZ; identical) and/or dizygotic (DZ; fraternal) twins to study the degree to which genetic factors explain person‐to‐person variations in personality |
| adoption studies | studying the similarity of adopted children to their biological parents and to their adoptive parents, may also compare similarities vs differences in families with both biological and adoptive children |
| reared together vs reared apart | as genetic similarity increases so does the magnitude of the correlations for IQ |
| MZ twins raised apart are about as similar to each other as | MZ twins raised together |
| brain plasticity | potential for change in neurobiological systems as a result of experience and environmental influence |
Created by:
leh195