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Animal Sci Test 2
includes 2 sets of dairy notes, and hog MANAGEMENT notes (not hog breeding)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do people look for in dairy cattle conformation aka ideal dairy type | stature (tall), angularity, level rump, long and lean neck, prominent milk vein, strong feet and legs |
| What is the Linear Classification System | evaluation system to enhance selection for high-producing cows, final score is degree of physical perfection |
| How is milk production in dairy herds improved | improvements in management and breeding |
| Annual milk production per cow increased more than x lbs from 2000-2017 | 300 |
| What is the average productive life of a dairy cow | 3-4 years |
| Why are dairy cattle culled | reproductive failure, low milk yield, udder breakdown, foot and leg weakness, mastitis |
| What percent of US dairy cattle are enrolled in the Dairy Herd Improvement program | 50% |
| What is the average milk production of a lactating cow | 23,000 lbs/305 days |
| What are the two largest factors in feeding a lactating cow | water and energy |
| What does it mean to maintain long fiber size in forages and why do we do it | 20% of fibers must be over 1.5 inches, maintain rumen function |
| What is the optimal level of grain feeding for dairy cattle | less than 60% of dry matter as concentrate |
| How many dairy cattle should be chewing the cud at any given time | 60-75% of cows |
| What percent of dairy cattle in a herd should be able to eat at the feed bunk at any given time | 75% |
| What percent of a dairy cow's body weight should be eaten per day | 3.8-4% |
| How often should forages be available for dairy cattle | 24 hours a day |
| Should a producer offer free choice grain | No, this makes it impossible to control the total mixed ration |
| When does heat stress occur in dairy cattle | above 77 degrees |
| How much does milk production decrease when cattle are in heat stress | 8-10 lbs a day |
| How to reduce heat stress in dairy cattle | provide shade, provide air movement, reformulating rations, clean water, minimizing cow movement |
| What percent of dairy calves should be born alive | 94% |
| What percent of dairy cattle should give birth to their own replacement heifer | 93% |
| What is the average dairy cattle calving interval | 13 months |
| What is the average dry period for a dairy cow | 57 days |
| How old should a dairy cow be at first calving | 25 months |
| Why do producers used sexed semen on first calf heifers | first calf heifers have lower rates of dystocia when having a female calf, increased production of higher value calves |
| How long after the start of labor should you assist in dairy cattle | 4-6 hours |
| What percent of first calf heifers get hung up and what percent require assistance | 20% get hung up, 10% need assistance |
| How are dairy calves taken care of after birth | wiped clean, membranes removed, navel dipped in iodine solution, fed colostrum with bottle |
| How long are dairy calves fed milk after birth | 4-8 weeks |
| What is a stanchion | housing in which a cow is restrained to a stall, cows cannot leave until operator releases them after feeding, vaccination, etc. |
| What is a tie stall | cow is confined to a stall by a neck chain |
| What is a free stall barn | cows are provided resting stalls and bed but free to enter and leave at will |
| How often are dairy cattle barns cleaned | 1-2 times daily |
| What is a herringbone milk parlor like | elevated platform, face away at 35 degree angle, all cows on one side enter and exit at the same time |
| What is a parallel milking parlor like | elevated platform, cows face away from the pit, milking units put on between back legs |
| What is mastitis | inflammation and infection of the mammary gland |
| What is BTSCC | Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count, number of white blood cells per mL of raw milk |
| What is the BTSCC limit | 750,000 cells per mL |
| What two factors do people look at when selecting dairy sires | net merit index (NM$) and type product index (TPI) |
| what are the four hog production systems | farrow to finish (birth to death), farrow to feeder, feeder pig finishing, farrow-to-weaner (birth to weaning) |
| how should you introduce a new boar to sows | 30 days isolated, 30 days fence line exposure to develop immunity |
| why should a boar's diet be carefully managed | too little food causes poor semen quality, too much food causes the boar to be too big for the sows |
| one out of every how many boars is infertile | 1 out of every 12 |
| what age do gilts start cycling | 5 months |
| how much should a gilt weigh when she is bred and how old should she be | 250-280 lbs, 8 months old |
| at what temperature does heat stress occur in hogs and how does it affects sows and gilts | temperatures above 85 degrees, prevents estrus, reduces ovulation, increases early embryonic deaths |
| what percentage of hogs are artificially inseminated | 66% (2/3) |
| what is lordosis in hogs | when a female hog stops and braces for mating when pressure is applied to her back to signal sexual receptivity |
| how many piglets do most farms aim for a sow to have each year | 24 piglets/sow/year |
| what percent of hogs should be farrowing in a given cycle | 85% |
| how many litters of piglets should a sow have per year | 2.2 liters |
| what should happen to a sow before moving to a farrowing crate | should be dewormed 2 weeks before moving, treated for external parasites twice |
| why do we induce farrowing in hogs | reduces pig mortality, heavier weaning weights, more efficient labor use, more cross-fostering |
| when do we induce farrowing in hogs | day 112 (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days) |
| what drugs do we give to assist with farrowing | prostaglandin and cloprostenol to induce, oxytocin if not farrowed in 25 hours |
| what percent of preweaning deaths occurs withing 72 hours of birth | 1/3 of preweaning deaths |
| upon birth how should piglets be cared for | freed from membranes, weak piglets revived, other assistance to reduce piglet mortality |
| how long does labor last for a hog | 30 minutes to 5 hours |
| what is the average interval between births for a hog | 15 minutes |
| a difficult birth for the sow can cause what issues for the sow | mastitis, merititis (inflammation of the uterus), and agalactia (inadequate milk supply) |
| what should the air temperature be for piglets and for how long | 90-100 degrees, reduced to no added heat by 2 weeks of age |
| what sort of processing should be done to newborn piglets | trim umbilical cord, clip needle teeth, ear notching |
| what sort of processing should be done to piglets 3 days to 3 weeks | iron dextran shot, scours control, castration, tail docking |
| what age should piglets first be offered feed | 1-2 weeks of age |
| when and how do you know a piglet is ready for weaning | 16-20 days, over 10 lbs |
| how many piglets should be in a group and how much food and water should be available to that group | no more than 30 piglets a group |
| what are the 3 main mycotoxins and what do they do | alfatoxin, zearlenone, vomitoxin - poor growth performance, abortions, and depression |
| what additive do producers commonly put in hog feed and why | lysine amino acid, most limited in swine diets (need it for all muscle growth) |
| what is phase feeding vs split-sex feeding | phase feeding means each phase (piglet, weaning, feeder, etc) of hog is fed differently, split sex means that barrows and gilts are fed differently |
| What causes stress in feeder hogs while in transit | fatigue, hunger, thirst, temperature changes, diet changes, different surroundings, social problems |
| how are feeder hogs taken care of in order to reduce stress | well bedded barn with groups of 50 hogs or less in each pen, specially formulated starter ration, medicated water, immediate treatment of sick pigs |
| the notches on the left ear of a hog tell you what | litter number |
| the notches on the right ear of a hog tell you what | pig number out of the litter |
| what is a dry lot in dairy cattle | open dirt with no vegetation, used mainly for dried off cows and in arid climates |
| what is a multiple-animal area in dairy cattle | housing other than free stall and dry lot where cows can move from one area to another, such as open barn |
| what is DHI | dairy herd improvement program |
| what are the 4 types of DHI tests | supervised, partially supervised, owner conducted test, supervised electronic test |
| what is a multi site rearing system and other names for it | pigs are born, weaned, grown, and finished at different facilities, also called isowean or segregated production |
| what are the five classes of wool quality in sheep | fine, medium, long, colored, hair |
| what are ewe type breeds like and what are they used for | white-faced, fine or medium wool, have reproductive efficiency, wool production, milking ability, and longevity |
| what are ram breeds used like and what are they used for | black or grey faced, meat type, high growth rate and carcass value |
| what are dual purpose breeds in sheep | ewe or ram breeds crossed together to create heterosis |
| what are the major meat goat breeds | Boer (main) and Spanish |
| what are the major dairy goat breeds | Alpine, LaMancha, Nubian, Oberhasli, Saanen, Toggenburg |
| what are the breeds of fiber goat | Angora, Cashmere |
| why is the 90 day age weight important in sheep | that is the age they are marketed and processed |
| what is the 90 day age weight formula | (weaning weight - birth weight)/age at weaning x 90 (8 lbs is standard birth weight) |
| what brings in more income in sheep, meat and wool or the sale of lambs | the sale of lambs |
| when do sheep reach sexual maturity | 5-12 months |
| how long is a sheep's estrus cycle | 16 days |
| how long is a sheep in heat | 30 hours - ovulate late |
| how long is a sheep pregnant | 147 days |
| how many lambs should a sheep have | 1.3 |
| when do goats reach sexual maturity | 4-12 months |
| how long is a goat's estrus cycle | 16 days |
| how long is a goat in heat | 48 hours |
| how long is a goat pregnant | 150 days |
| what percent of all goats have multiples | 50% |
| what kind of pasture is best for sheep | grass-legume, such as orchard grass and alfalfa |
| how wide should a sheep chute be | 14-16 inches |
| what is a lambing jug | a pen where a ewe and her newborn lambs are held, usually 4x4 |
| what temp should lambing jugs be kept at | 90 degrees |
| why are sheep not fed on the ground | risk of parasites |
| what are the 3 types of farm-flock producers | purebred breeders, commercial producers, feedlot operators |
| what is a purebred sheep breeder do | sell rams for breeding |
| what is a commercial lamb producer do | producers slaughter lambs on pasture or feeder lambs |
| what does a lamb feedlot do | skinny or small lambs and bought and fed out, most feedlot lambs come from range sheep |
| how are pregnant ewes fed | first 1/2 of the pregnancy managed like normal, second half needs high quality forage and possible concentrates |
| what 3 areas are range sheep grazed in | winter headquarters, spring-fall range, summer grazing range |
| what is flushing a ewe | increasing feed 2-3 weeks before breeding to ensure weight gain |
| what is crutching | removing dung tags from the wool of sheep alongside clipping dock, udder, and vulva wool |
| how old are lambs when castration and docking is done | week 3-4 |
| when can a doe goat be bred, weight and age | 70-80 lbs at 6-9 months |
| when are most goats bred, and when do most goats give birth | most goats are bred Sept Oct Nov, give birth Feb March April |
| how long do goats lactate | 7-10 months |
| what is the average goat dry period | 2 months |
| how many kids do mature does tend to have per birth | more than 2 |
| how many kids do young does tend to have per birth | 1.5 kids |
| what 3 things should a doe have to eat and drink while close to giving birth | clean water, laxative feed to prevent constipation, and fresh soft legume hay |
| when should you intervene when a goat is giving birth | after 3 hours of straining or malpresentation (anything other than two legs and head) |
| when should a goat be polled | before they are 1 week old |
| how often should goats have their hooves trimmed | every 6-8 weeks |
| how should foot rot in goats be treated | formaldehyde, copper sulfate, iodine and isolation |
| how are goats identified | tattooed number in the ear or tail webbing for earless breeds |
| when should a goat be castrated | 4-6 weeks |
| what are the 3 classes of goat fibers | tight lock with ringlets the full length of the fiber (highest value), flat lock that is wavy, open or fluffy clips (worst value) |
| what percent of a goat's diet will they choose to be browse | 75% will be browse |
| describe neonatal scours in goats and sheep | accounts for 1/2 of lamb losses less than 2 weeks old, several causes make it difficult to treat, treated with antibiotics |
| describe foot rot in sheep and goats | caused by 2 specific bacteria, treated with systemic medicine and severe hoof trim, most serious and most common disease |
| describe how shipping fever in sheep and goats is treated | antibiotics and sulfonamides |
| describe white muscle disease in sheep and goats | nutritional diseased caused by selenium deficit, pregnant ewes given injection in last 3rd of pregnancy, kids are given shots, feed additive as well |
| describe caseous lymphadentitis in sheep and goats | affects older animals, like strangles in horses |
| describe pregnancy disease (ketosis) in sheep and goats | metabolic disease that affects ewes late in pregnancy usually carrying multiples, feeding high energy grain may prevent |
| describe grass tetany | deficiency of magnesium, usually in the spring when grass has low levels of magnesium |
| describe bluetongue in sheep and goats | transmitted via biting insect, sheep should be vaccinated if over 4 months old, goats are asymptomatic while fatal in sheep |
| what factors does sow productivity encompass | litter size, number weaned per litter, 21 day litter weight, and number of litters per sow per year |
| how heritable is growth rate in hogs | 35% |
| how heritable is feed efficiency in hogs | 30% |
| how heritable is carcass traits in hogs | 48% |
| what is PSE in hogs | pale, soft, and exudative carcasses - genetic defect |
| what is PSS in hogs | porcine stress syndrome |
| what should you look for in a replacement sow | fast growing, sound, moderately lean with good body capacity from a litter of 10-14 pigs |
| why would you cull a sow | structural problems, small litters, poor mothering records, old age, reproductive failure |
Created by:
user-1965832