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psych exam 2
behavioral theories
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| people are | machine like - change and learn in reaction to their environment |
| determinism | the belief that people's behavior is caused in a lawful scientific manner |
| what do behaviorists believe about behavior | do not believe that people freely choose their actions, behavior is casually determined by environmental factor |
| goal of therapy within behavioral theory | not to analyze internal conflicts or motivations, the goal is to provide a new environment or learning experience to produce more adaptive behavior |
| what is the view of psychopathology within behavioral theory | people are not "disordered", but have learned maladaptive responses - responses that are not acceptable to society |
| environmental determinism | situation specific, behaviorists expect that behaviors will vary as people adapt to situations that present different rewards and punishments for different types of behavior |
| situation specific | since environmental factors are the causes of behavior, behavioral style is expected to vary significantly from one environment to another |
| four main points of behavioral theory: 1 | empirical research is the cornerstone of theory and practice |
| four main points of behavioral theory: 2 | personality theory and applied practice should be based on principles of learning |
| four main points of behavioral theory: 3 | behavior is responsive to reinforcement variables in the environment and is more situation specific than suggested by other personality theories |
| four main points of behavioral theory: 4 | the medical symptom–disease view of psychopathology is rejected, and emphasis instead is placed on basic principles of learning and behavior change |
| strengths of behavioral theory | committed to systematic research and theory development recognizes the role of situational and environmental variables in influencing behavior takes a pragmatic approach to treatment, which can lead to important new developments |
| limitations of behavioral theory | oversimplifies personality and neglects important phenomena lacks a single, unified theory requires further evidence to support claims of treatment effectiveness |
| pavlov: classical conditioning | a process in which a stimulus that initially is neutral becomes associated with some other stimulus that does produce a response |
| pavlov: generalization | when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with similar stimuli |
| watson: “little albert” experiment | conditioned emotional reaction, paired a white rat (NS) with a loud noise (US)- after repeated pairings, the infant began to fear the rat alone, a conditioned fear response that generalized to other furry objects |
| BF skinner: operant conditioning | manipulation of rewards and punishment, strong use of laboratory setting - animal subjects |
| what is operant conditioning | a learning theory where behavior is shaped by its consequences, either through reinforcement to increase a behavior or punishment to decrease it |
| positive | presence of a stimulus |
| negative | absence of a stimulus |
| reinforcement | increases behavior |
| punishment | decreases behavior |
| escape | removes a stimulus |
| avoidance | prevents a stimulus |
| positive reinforcement | add appetitive stimulus following correct behavior |
| negative reinforcement: escape | remove noxious stimuli following correct behavior |
| negative reinforcement: active avoidance | behavior avoids noxious stimulus |
| positive punishment | add noxious stimuli following behavior |
| negative punishment | behavior avoids noxious stimulus |
| positive reinforcement ex | participate in class, receive praise |
| negative reinforcement ex | clean room to avoid having electronics taken away |
| positive punishment ex | spray cat with water for jumping on counters |
| negative punishment ex | losing access to the car for poor grades |
| BF skinner | external, observable piece of behavior that can be related to environmental events may range from a simple reflex response to a complex piece of behavior learning involves the association or connection of responses to events in the environment |
| operants | organisms emitting the responses are called operants |
| reinforcers | something that follows a response and increases the probability of the response occurring again, defined according to the effects of the potential reinforcer on behavior and varies from person to person |
| systematic desensitization | counterconditioning - ind. learns a new response that is physiologically incompatible with an existing response, fear or anxiety response paired with relaxation techniques or distraction anxiety hierarchy |
| behavioral activation | reinforcing feelings of accomplishment and joy |
| token economy | rewarding desirable behaviors |
| what does behavioral theory emphasize in terms of assessment | 1. identification of specific behaviors 2. identification of specific enviro factors that elicit, cue, or reinforce the target behaviors 3. identification of specific enviro factors that can be manipulated to alter the behavior |
Created by:
leh195