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Race Relations Test2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Extreme segregation and concentrated disadvantage in the ghetto. | advanced marginality |
| The practice of denying loans/mortgages in nonwhite neighborhoods, institutionalizing segregation. | redlining |
| Realtors directing homebuyers toward or away from neighborhoods based on race. | racial steering |
| The idea that ethnic enclaves are temporary until immigrants achieve economic/cultural assimilation and that when immigrants start earning money, they move out of ethnic neighborhoods and assimilate into higher socioeconomic areas | spatial assimilation thesis |
| Disproportionate exposure of racial minority groups to pollution and hazards. | environmental racism |
| Historical legal agreements preventing property sale to nonwhites. | restrictive covenants |
| The rapid increase in the U.S. prison population since the 1970s. | prison boom |
| Historical laws that criminalized unemployment and fed the prison labor system (post-slavery). | vagabond laws |
| The argument that the current system of mass incarceration functions as a contemporary system of racial control | the New Jim Crow |
| Targeting certain groups for policing based on race. | racial profiling |
| How crime concern is linked to racial identity and racial composition of neighborhoods. | the racialization of the fear of crime |
| The primary cause of the prison boom (e.g., mandatory minimums). | changes in sentencing policy |
| American neighborhoods are MORE racially segregated than in the 1800s. T/F | True |
| The process of ethnic groups tending to cluster together in neighborhoods after the industrial revolution brought people to cities | racialization of neighborhoods |
| Between 1910 and 1960, over_______ blacks migrated from the rural South to the urban North (“The Great Migration”). | 4.5 million |
| Beginning in the 1950s, many middle-class whites sold their houses in the city and fled to the newly created suburbs because they feared the racial integration of their neighborhood. | White Flight |
| Causes of segregation? | Economic - wealth disparity, farther away in proximity to well-paying jobs; Living conditions - far from groceries and medical care, rundown housing, areas with higher crime rates; political - ignored by politicians; educational- no access to good schools |
| True/False: Banks and loan companies reject nonwhites 56 percent more often than otherwise identical whites. | True |
| some individuals prefer to live among people who eat the same food, celebrate the same holidays, and speak the same language they do. | ethnic community thesis |
| What was suburbuan development fueld by? | white fear: fear of racial integration, of plummeting property values, and—most of all—of violent crime. |
| What 1930s government policy was known as the Mexican Repatriation Programs? | Mexican families, including U.S. citizens, were rounded up and sent via train to Mexico. |
| Which of the following best describes the Great Migration? | millions of southern African Americans moving north in search of better opportunities |
| After World War II, many nonwhite neighborhoods in major cities were destroyed to make way for highways or luxury homes. What was this practice called? | urban renewal |
| True/False: White people are more likely to live in segregated neighborhoods than any other racial or ethnic group. | True |
| True/False: Racial segregation is ultimately explained by economic factors. As a case in point, the most affluent African Americans are far less likely to live in segregated neighborhoods. | False |
| The Detroit Area Survey found that the majority of African Americans said the ideal neighborhood would be _______ percent black and _______ percent white. | 50/50 |
| Being forced to live in an area that lacks normal institutions (such as banks, grocery stores, and a hospital) is a(n) _______ consequence of racial segregation for nonwhites. | material |
| According to the text, the ghetto first originated as an area of the city where _______ were cordoned off from the rest of the population. | Jews |
| According to the _______ thesis, new immigrants self-segregate in ethnic enclaves only until they are able to assimilate economically and culturally and move on. | spatial assimilation |
| In the mid-twentieth century, how did the Federal Housing Administration, lenders, and white homeowners work together to encourage racial residential segregation? | The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) denied loans to many nonwhites, regardless of financial or veteran standing. The FHA & Veterans Administration financed $120 billion+ worth of new housing from 1934-1962. < 2% was available to nonwhite families |
| What are some of the many ways described in the text that lenders and realtors use to enforce racial residential segregation today? | Banks & loan companies reject nonwhites 56% more often than otherwise identical whites.Realtors steer nonwhites away from white neighborhoods. Discrimination is especially harsh for women of color-Women are often denied loans or pay higher rents. |
| Explain the concept of environmental racism and identify who disproportionately benefits from its policies and practices. | any environmental policy, practice, or directive that disproportionately disadvantages (whether intentionally or unintentionally) nonwhite communities. |
| Examples of environmental racism | Native American lands targeted for radioactive dumpsites, incinerators, & erosive mining operations. 3/5blacks live in areas with toxic waste dumps; 46 of public housing units are within a one-mile radius of factories emitting toxic gases. |
| Who benefits from environmental racism? | Companies that profit from creating pollution or from disposing of it. Corrupt politicians interested in funding their campaigns. If you are privileged enough to live in an area without extreme environmental hazards, you benefit. |
| Who is most likely to be poor? Who makes up the largest number of the poor? | blacks, hispanics; white americans |
| Which of the following best describes the concept of Wealth vs. Income? | Wealth is typically inherited and accumulated over generations, while income is earned through employment. |
| The GI Bill, enacted after World War II, significantly impacted American society by: | Offering educational opportunities and low-interest home loans to returning soldiers. However, systemic racism meant many black veterans were denied these benefits due to segregration and discriminatory implementation. |
| Pager's (2003) audit study on race and incarceration found that employers were: | More likely to call back white applicants with a criminal record compared to Black applicants with no criminal record. |
| Which ofthe following is considered a primary structural cause of poverty? | Systemic issues such as lack of access to education, healthcare, and job opportunities. |
| Affirmative Action policies are designed to: | Address historical discrimination by providing opportunities for underrepresented groups. |
| Regarding immigration and crime, research generally indicates: | Immigrant populations often have lower crime rates than native-born populations. |
| How did the GI Bill create the white middle class and how were its benefits racially distributed? | Veterans bought homes, financed businesses, bought farmland, and went to college. But the distribution of benefits was left to (White) state and local authorities; Blacks and Latinos were denied the opportunities of the GI Bill. |
| Explain wealth v. income and why the racial wealth gap is much larger than the income gap. | Income: money obtained from work, retirement, or govt aid; Wealth: assets that make money (stocks, bonds, savings accounts, real estate, businesses, farms); wealth accumulates over generations (values of homes, property;better credit, inheritances) |
| Audit studies on hiring discrimination show: | Employers are 3-4X more likely to offer White applicant jobs than equally qualified Black/Hispanic applicants. Applicants w White-sounding names are 50% more likely to be called for interview than applicants with Black-sounding names. |
| Audit studies on hiring discrimination show (cont): | White applicants convicted of selling drugs are more likely to land a job than Black applicants with no criminal history. |
| an umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities. | affirmative action |
| What is some evidence for the success or failure of affirmative action? | It increases employment for women & nonwhite men, It benefits disadvantaged communities, not just individuals. affirmative action has not hurt White men. Employers regularly pass over equally or better-qualified nonwhites to hire White applicants. |
| Who benefits from welfare? | Two-thirds of all Americans collect public assistance (such as food stamps, TANF, and Medicaid) at some point in their lives. 63 percent of them receive Medicaid. 52 percent receive food stamps. 13 percent receive cash assistance. |
| What are the racialized perceptions of public assistance? | Many politicians use coded language to racialize welfare discourse.“Cadillac-Driving Welfare Queens” 59% of Whites thought Blacks would rather collect welfare than work; 46% thought this about Latinos, 18% about Asians, & 3% thought this about Whites. |
| True/False: During and after World War II, the economic gap between whites and nonwhites increased. | True |
| The New Deal antipoverty programs were initiated by | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Why were many nonwhites denied access to the New Deal? | The program disqualified certain jobs that nonwhites were more likely to have. |
| Income inequality between White and nonwhite people is _______, and wealth inequality between White and nonwhite people is _______. | decreasing; increasing |
| Which of the following is true about America’s welfare programs? | America spends a smaller portion of its wealth on antipoverty programs than almost any other developed country. |
| Social scientists have advanced three interlocking explanations for why inner-city poverty became more severe and more concentrated during the latter decades of the twentieth century. Which explanation points to the decline of manufacturing jobs? | spatial mismatch thesis |
| True/False: Nearly all new immigrants to the United States follow the acculturation and parallel integration path into the middle class. | false |
| What is the term for the unspoken obstacles to advancement experienced by White women and people of color? | glass ceiling |
| How did the GI Bill, more than other program, create the American middle class? | It opened pathways to higher education, homeownership, and stable employment. HOWEVER, black veterans were often excluded from these benefits due to discriminatory practices by banks, colleges, & local administrators, which widened the racial wealth gaps |
| What are the three structural causes of poverty that are highlighted in the text? | 1, capitalism produces unemployed laborers due to outsourcing, downsizing, and layoffs. 2. deindustrialization made mid-level jobs disappear 3. social spending for the needy—food stamps, housing subsidies, Medicaid, Social Security—has been rolled back |
| If most Americans benefit from government welfare at some point in their lives, why do Americans generally have such negative attitudes about it? | policymakers and media slander welfare recipients. |
| Why did dominant understandings of affirmative action change after the era of the Civil Rights Movement? | Focus went from addressing systemic racism to individual opportunity. Focus became meritocracy and influenced the public to think affirmative action = preferential treatment for nonwhites (and women) |
| True/False: America does not have higher crime rates than other industrialized countries, yet it incarcerates more of its citizens than any other nation on earth. | True |
| True/False: Women of color, especially Black women, are incarcerated at disproportionately high rates. | True |
| A White man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school has a _______ percent chance of doing time in jail or prison, while a Black man in same circumstances has a _____ percent chance. | 11; 60 |
| Why was there a prison boom? Did the crime rate increase? | changes in sentencing policy - Mandatory minimum sentences, Three-strikes laws, Parole limited severely or abolished, Drug arrests |
| True/False:The leading cause of death for Black women aged 15-24 is partner homicide | True |
| True/False: Although the crime rate in the United States is not dramatically higher than that of other industrialized countries, its murder rate is dramatically higher and murder is the leading cause of death among Black male youth. | True |
| the prevalence of law enforcement practices that target people of color. | institutional racism |
| What are some ways that law enforcement targets people of color? | increased patrolling of nonwhite neighborhoods, racial profiling, use of force, unjust sentencing for the poor |
| What are some of the costs of mass incarceration? | Children lose parents and are more likely to live in poverty; upon release, difficult to find work/can't work; mental health - suicide/depression |
| Which of the following is true about prisons? a. There are fewer prisoners today than in the decades after the Civil War. b. number of people in prison has steadily increased every year. c. In the 1970s, the prison population increased significantly. | c |
| True/False: Most women in prison are mothers | true |
| Black people and Hispanics account for approximately _______ percent of all prisoners, yet they make up only _______ of the U.S. population | 58; 25 |
| Which of the following policies is partly responsible for the massive prison boom? a. the legalization of marijuana, b. three-strikes laws, c. decreased sentences for nonviolent crimes | three strikes law |
| True/False: Researchers have found that cities that experienced the largest increases in immigration between 1990 and 2000 experienced the largest increases in violent crime. | false |
| Which of the following types of crime is more profitable? white-collar crime street crime | white-collar crime |
| More than _______ women are abused by their partners each year. | 6 million |
| Most people arrested in the United States are _______, but __________ people are arrested at much higher rates. | white; black/hispanic |
| True/False: Research has conclusively shown that prisons successfully prevent crime. | false |
| How is corporate oversight that results in deadly consequences different from murder? Why are the corporate crimes that result in deaths not considered murder? | Corporate deaths generally involve negligence or profit-driven decisions, not intent to kill; these deaths are usually classified as negligence or manslaughter |
| Why do so many Americans fear an “immigrant invasion”? What are the basic misunderstandings about immigration and crime rates? | politicians say there's an “immigration problem,” intensifying anti-immigrant sentiment. 45% of Americans believe immigrants make crime worse, but studies show 1st gen. immigrants are less likely to commit crimes than 3rd gen. Americans. |
| Why did politicians focus on crime as the main problem plaguing America when most Americans did not view it as a major problem? Once it was introduced, why did the focus on crime resonate with so many Americans? | to shift attention away from pov't beerty and racial inequality; ex. Nixon's "war on crime" and Reagan's "war on drugs"; made middle class feel unsafe and that we needed to crack down on crime |
| How do high incarceration rates affect nonwhite communities? | families/children are left without parents, increasing chances of poverty; when released, job opportunities are limited, as are housing options...it becomes a cycle of poverty and inequality |
| Exclusion of nonwhite workers from New Deal benefits (1930s-1940s): How did this directly affect HOUSING security and CRIME rates in the 1960s-1980s? | Bc nonwhites didn't get ND benefits, they didn't get higher education, housing, and employment opportunities -things that helped families build wealth & enter the middle class. It left nonwhites in poverty & led to conditions that fuled higher crime rates |
| FHA's use of Redlining to enforce segregation (1930s-1960s): How did this policy immediately impact ECONOMIC outcomes and contribute to conditions linked to higher perceived CRIME? | Redlining blocked nonwhite families from getting home loans, trapping them in low-income neighborhoods with fewer jobs/resources and the inability to gain wealth through property. Economic isolation led to poverty, which fueled higher crime rates. |
| The use of Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws (1980s-1990s): How does the resulting incarceration gap directly impact the ECONOMIC opportunities and HOUSING stability of the formerly incarcerated and their families? | Led to rise in incarceration rates, disproportionately imprisoning POC. This led to limited future job and housing opportunities. Loss of income and stable housing weakened family stability and led to a cycle of poverty. |
| How have both historical policies (e.g., New Deal, GI Bill) and present-day practices (e.g., predatory lending, hiring discrimination) created and maintained the wealth gap between White and nonwhite families? | Historic policies excluded nonwhites from wealth-building opportunities, & modern practices continue to block progress. They've kept the wealth gap in place by limiting access to home ownership, stable jobs, and intergenerational wealth for nonwhites. |
| Be able to cite evidence from audit studies (e.g., Black/White applicants, criminal records) to demonstrate that racial discrimination persists even when controlling for qualifications. | Whites 3-4x more likely to be offered job than = qualified nonwhites; White-sounding names 50% more likely to be called for interview than Black-sounding names; Whites convicted of selling drugs more likely to get job than Blacks w/no criminal history |
| Understand the difference between individual-level and structural explanations for poverty (e.g., deindustrialization, shift to low-wage jobs, residential segregation) | Individual explanations blame poverty on personal choices, while structural explainations show how the systems in place create overty. Structural - industry jobs went away, forcing nonwhites into low-wage jobs, setting them up for poverty |
| Understand the roles of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) (e.g., redlining/appraisal standards), lenders, and White homeowners (e.g., restrictive covenants, violence) in creating the segregated American landscape. | These housing policies enforced segregation and denied nonwhite families access to homeownership. This led to limited ability to build/pass down wealth, while white families gained property and wealth - creating lasting racial inequality. |
| The Consequences of Segregation: Beyond lack of wealth, understand how racial residential segregation leads to material consequences (e.g., lower-quality schools due to property taxes, lack of banks/grocery stores) and social/political consequences. | Not near well-paying jobs or institutions such as hospitals, grocery stores, and banks. Property values determine property taxes, which go toward education. Low-income areas have much smaller education budgets which leads to subpar education. |
| Be able to explain how the denial of access to homeownership in the mid-20th century permanently curtailed wealth accumulation for generations of nonwhite families | Not being allowed to own homes led to the lack of opportunity to accrue wealth that comes with owning property, which led to not being able to pass down wealth to future generations. |
| Know the evidence that links Americans' fear of crime more to racial prejudice and media portrayal than to actual crime statistics. For example, the difference between perceptions of who commits crime and who is actually arrested. | Fear of crime has been shaped by media and politicians. News coverage overrepresents nonwhite suspects and underrepresents white suspects. This racial perception led to tougher criminal policies that targeted nonwhites, leading to higher arrest rates. |
| Identify changes in criminal sentencing policy (not rising crime rates) as the primary driver of mass incarceration and explain how these policies disproportionately affected nonwhite communities. | Mandatory minimum sentences, 3 strikes, War on Drugs-imposed long sentences for nonviolent offenses. disproportionately impacted blacks/hispanics, separating families and continuing poverty cycle. |
| Know the sociological finding that immigrants tend to lower crime rates in the U.S. and are less likely to commit crimes than native-born people | Immigrants actually make US safer. One study found that first-generation immigrants were 45 percent less likely to participate in a violent crime than were third-generation Americans. |
Created by:
aaswell