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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Geocentrism | The fundamental principle is a stationary Earth at the fixed center of the universe. |
| Geocentrism | The Sun, Moon, planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn), and stars all revolve around the Earth in fixed paths. |
| Geocentric model | Started as early as the 6th century BCE. |
| Geocentric Model | Becoming a widely accepted system by the 4th century BCE through figures like Plato and Aristotle. |
| Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) | created the most comprehensive and sophisticated version of the geocentric model in his famous work Almagest in the 2nd century CE. |
| Ptolemaic system | was highly influential and became the accepted astronomical authority in Europe for nearly 1,500 years |
| The Copernican Revolution | refers to the 16th-century paradigm shift named after the Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus. The |
| Copernicus | Copernicus formulated the heliocentric model of the universe in a 40 page outline entitled Commentariolus. |
| Heliocentrism | In his model, Copernicus repositioned the Earth from the center of the Solar System and introduced the idea that the Earth rotates on its own axis. |
| Heliocentric Model | The astronomical model where the Sun is at the center of the universe, and planets, including Earth, orbit it. |
| Aristarchus of Samos | He proposed the concept of heliocentrism was proposed in ancient Greece in the 3rd century BCE, though these ideas were not widely accepted at the time. |
| The Catholic Church | resisted the theory until the late 18th and early 19th centuries, eventually lifting the ban on heliocentric books in 1822. |
| The Catholic Church | with its geocentric views, condemned Copernican theory and placed Copernicus's book on the Index of Forbidden Books in 1616. |
| Why was the Copernican model initially resisted by religious institutions? | Copernican model had multiple inadequacies that were later filled in by astronomers who participated in the revolution. |
| Copernicus | published his work laying out the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center and planets (including Earth) orbiting it, a concept that fundamentally changed astronomy. |
| 1543 De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres") | Planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun, providing crucial mathematical refinement to the heliocentric model. |
| Galileo Galilei | provided crucial observational evidence supporting the heliocentric model, such as the phases of Venus and moons orbiting Jupiter. |
| Isaac Newton | Introduced the theory of universal gravitation, which explained Kepler's elliptical orbits and solidified the physical foundation of the heliocentric model. |
| Johannes Kepler | Wrote 1543 De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres") |
| The Copernican Revolution | marked a turning point in the study of cosmology and astronomy making it a truly important intellectual revolution. |
| Charles Darwin | The English naturalist, geologist, and biologist.credited for stirring another important intellectual revolution in the mid-19th century. |
| Charles Darwin | His treatise on the science of evolution, On The Origin of Species, was published in 1859 and began a revolution that brought humanity to a new era of intellectual discovery. |
| Darwin | provided the scientific mechanism for evolution, explaining how species change over time |
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vancejoy