What is physiology’s main focus?

Understanding the functions of living organisms and how their body parts work together to maintain life.

Define anatomical position and explain its purpose.

A standing posture with arms at sides, palms forward, and feet slightly apart, used as the standard reference for directional terms.

What does “superior” mean in anatomical terminology?

Toward the head or upper part of the body; opposite of inferior.

What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

The fluid outside cells, mainly interstitial fluid and plasma, that provides the medium for transporting substances.

What is the role of buffers in the body?

They stabilize pH by preventing large changes in hydrogen-ion concentration.

What are organic compounds and give examples.

Carbon-based molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that are essential for life.

What are phospholipids and why are they important?

Molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails forming the structural basis of cell membranes.

What is facilitated diffusion?

Passive transport of substances across a membrane through a carrier or channel protein, without using cellular energy.

Define active transport.

Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using ATP and transport proteins (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).

What happens during mitosis?

A cell divides its nucleus to form two identical daughter cells, ensuring genetic continuity.

What is connective tissue’s main characteristic?

It contains an abundant extracellular matrix that supports, binds, and protects other tissues.

What distinguishes smooth muscle from skeletal muscle?

Smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated, while skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated.

What are glial cells and their function?

Supporting cells of the nervous system that protect, insulate, and nourish neurons.

Describe the difference between parietal and visceral serous membranes.

Parietal membranes line body cavities; visceral membranes cover the organs within those cavities.

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SCI221 – C1-6

Question	Answer
What is physiology’s main focus?	Understanding the functions of living organisms and how their body parts work together to maintain life.
Define anatomical position and explain its purpose.	A standing posture with arms at sides, palms forward, and feet slightly apart, used as the standard reference for directional terms.
What does “superior” mean in anatomical terminology?	Toward the head or upper part of the body; opposite of inferior.
What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?	The diaphragm.
What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?	The fluid outside cells, mainly interstitial fluid and plasma, that provides the medium for transporting substances.
What is the role of buffers in the body?	They stabilize pH by preventing large changes in hydrogen-ion concentration.
What are organic compounds and give examples.	Carbon-based molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that are essential for life.
What are phospholipids and why are they important?	Molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails forming the structural basis of cell membranes.
What is facilitated diffusion?	Passive transport of substances across a membrane through a carrier or channel protein, without using cellular energy.
Define active transport.	Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using ATP and transport proteins (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).
What happens during mitosis?	A cell divides its nucleus to form two identical daughter cells, ensuring genetic continuity.
What is connective tissue’s main characteristic?	It contains an abundant extracellular matrix that supports, binds, and protects other tissues.
What distinguishes smooth muscle from skeletal muscle?	Smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated, while skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated.
What are glial cells and their function?	Supporting cells of the nervous system that protect, insulate, and nourish neurons.
Describe the difference between parietal and visceral serous membranes.	Parietal membranes line body cavities; visceral membranes cover the organs within those cavities.

Created by: jdbalunsatz

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