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resp disorders pt 2
patho exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What kind of virus is croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)? | parainfluenza viruses |
| Who is croup most commonly spread among? | children younger than 5 years of age |
| How is croup transmitted? | direct contact with respiratory secretions or large aerosol droplets |
| Croup symptoms | airway obstruction, fever, dyspnea, restlessness |
| airway changes with croup | epiglottis swells occluding the airway, trachea swells against cricoid cartilage resulting in restriction |
| What are infectious diseases of the lower respiratory tract caused by? | viruses, bacteria, and fungi |
| factors affecting incidence, morbidity, and mortality caused by infectious diseases of the lower respiratory tract | season, age, health status |
| Infectious diseases of the lower respiratory tract risk factors | altered levels of consciousness, impairment of normal ventilation, chronic diseases, inhalation of smoke or irritant gas |
| What allows viruses and bacteria to get into lower respiratory tract? | dry upper airways |
| why do dry upper airways allow viruses and bacteria to get into lower respiratory tract? | particles are not getting trapped |
| Infectious diseases of the lower respiratory tract clinical manifestations | cough, malaise, fever, sore, inflamed, throat, enlarged lymph nodes, mucoid or purulent sputum, wheezing, fine crackles on auscultation |
| Why is the respiratory system more prone to infection? | it is the door of enterance |
| bronchiolitis | inflammation of bronchioles most often caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
| What is bronchiolitis frequently preceded by? | upper respiratory infection |
| What may recurrent cases of bronchiolitis be due to? | cystic fibrosis |
| Who does bronchiolitis occur in? | high-risk adults such as smokers or infants |
| Bronchiolitis pathogenesis | injury to bronchiolar epithelium from infection, respiratory syncytial virus (infants) |
| What happens to the bronchial tube during bronchiolitis? | mucus buildup, inflamed tissues, necrosis and loss of epithelium, smooth muscle tightening around bronchial tubes, collapsed alveoli, alveoli over-inflated with trapped air |
| bronchiolitis clinical manifestations | necrosis of respiratory epithelium, excess mucus production and submucosal swelling, bronchiolitis obliterans, infants: fever, tachypnea; older children: cough, nasal discharge; fine crackles and expiratory wheezing with deep breaths |
| bronchiolitis treatment | supportive management of respiratory symptoms (ex. anti-inflammatory), humidifiers |
| pertussis (whooping cough) pathogenesis | bordetella pertussis, transmitted by contact with contaminated respiratory secretions |
| pertussis (whooping cough) clinical manifestations | uncontrollable, spasmodic cough that ends in loud, crowing, inspiratory whoop |
| pertussis (whooping cough) treatment | pertussis vaccination, can treat with antibiotics in extreme cases |
| Influenza | highly contagious viral infection |
| What facilitates rapid spread of influenza? | short incubation period |
| What is influenza transmitted by? | inhalation of aerosolized particles |
| People at risk for influenza | children under 5 years of age, pregnant women, individuals over age 50, individuals with chronic medical conditions, individuals who live with or care for individuals at high risk |
| influenza pathogenesis | necrosis and desquamation of respiratory tract epithelial cells, diffuse watery nasal discharge |
| influenza response | release of inflammatory mediators |
| influenza clinical manifestations | fever, headache, myalgias, severe malaise, photophobia, cough, sore throat, rhinorrhea |
| influenza treatment | supportive to alleviate symptoms (hydrate, rest), antiviral therapy, influenza vaccine |
| pneumonia | inflammation in lungs, can affect alveoli, bronchi or interstitial area |
| pneumonia classifications | location where patient was exposed to pathogen, causative pathogen, location of pathogen within lung |
| pneumonia pathogenesis | microaspiration of pathogens from upper airways, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP), opportunistic pneumonia, zoonotic infections, infections with bioterrorism potential, bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia |
| what is considered typical pneumonia? | bacterial, coccus (round) |
| what is considered atypical pneumonia? | viruses |
| hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) | severe preexisting chronic diseases, immunosuppressed |
| What is the hardest pneumonia to control? | Hospital-acquired pneumonia |
| opportunistic pneumonia | do not cause illness in healthy person, occur in immunosuppressed, not obtained in hospital |
| zoonotic infections | transmitted from usual animal reservoirs to humans |
| bacterial pneumonia | pulmonary tissue consolidated by bacterial exudates primarily within the alveoli, very little interstitial involvement |
| viral pneumonia | interstitial involvement, patchy inflammatory changes in alveolar walls and septa |
| What happens after S. pneumoniae is aspirated into lungs? | inflammatory response is initiated |
| What happens once the inflammatory response is initiated during the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia? | alveolar edema, and exudate formation |
| What happens after alveolar edema, and exudate formation in pneumococcal pneumonia? | alveoli and respiratory bronchioles fill with serous exudate, blood cells, fibrin, bacteria-> consolidation of lung tissue |
| types of pneumonia | bronchopneumonia, primary atypical pneumonia, lobar pneumonia |
| bronchopneumonia | diffuse, bacterial, inflammation of the lungs that affects the bronchioles and alveoli |
| lobar pneumonia | consolidation, bacterial, affect one or more lobes of the lung |
| primary atypical pneumonia | interstitial, viral, mycoplasmal, also known as walking pneumonia |
| What is the most common virus for pneumonia? | mycoplasma |
| What is the best way to treat pneumonia? | antibiotics to prevent secondary infection |
| Where is pneumonia usually? | lower lobes of the lung |
| typical pneumonia clinical manifestations | abrupt onset of high fever, chills, productive cough with mucopurulent sputum |
| atypical pneumonia clinical manifestations | milder symptoms that last longer, can become typical pneumonia |
| pneumonia diagnosis | x-ray and sputum analysis |
| pneumonia treatment | supportive measures, supplemental oxygen, antibiotics and antivirals |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | rod-shaped aerobic M. tuberculosis bacillus, primarily affects the lungs |
| TB infection | M. tuberculosis have seeded in lung but no significant tissue damage |
| Disease TB | significant tissue damage, contagious |
| tuberculosis risk factors | HIV/AIDS, foreign immigration, low income, homelessness, malnourishment, crowded urban conditions |
| When does TB manifest? | when immunologic system is not active |
| Tuberculosis pathogenesis | can be dormant for years (latent TB), active TB: symptomatic and communicable |
| distinguishable characteristic of TB | formation of granuloma |
| active TB clinical manifestations | cough, weight loss and anorexia, fever (low grade), night sweats, dull aching chest pain, hemoptysis |
| Why does TB present with a low grade fever? | any disease that remains incubated in immunologic system has a low grade fever because immune system has a hard time fighting it |
| latent TB clinical manifestations | individual is asymptomatic, TB activated when immune defenses are weakened |
| TB diagnosis | history, physical examination, x-ray, mantoux test |
| TB treatment | medications, TB vaccination |
Created by:
camrynfoster