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Exam 2 HDF
Study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Brain Development: How does interaction and stimulation shape neural pathways? | -processing sensory information, communication, triggers appropriate responses |
| Parenting integrates the functioning of 2 neural networks: | cortical-paralimbic structures and cortical circuits |
| Cortical-paralimbic structures | associated with emotional processing |
| Cortical circuits | support emotional understanding |
| Babies signal through their | body language and facial expressions |
| Infants first attempts at communication is the form of | crying |
| Newborns benefit through skin time and appropriate touch, they can feel the parents and | it promotes bonding and attachment |
| By the newborn responding positively to being breastfed, they have the instinctive latching ability= | survival |
| Parents can be influenced by genetic, hormonal, and neurotransmitter interaction that support bonding and attachment behavior, which in turn influences | the quality of parenting |
| Mirror neurons | sensorimotor associative learning is thought to be supported by these neurons |
| Parenting influences begins with | the environment provided by mother during pregnancy and growth |
| Neonatal reflexes (sucking and grasping) are formed at the | subcortical level. Lay the foundation for all mental functioning. |
| Serve and Return | parent reacts to the child, served with a cue---> parent reacts appropriately to the child. -when it plays in the brain, means there is appropriate stimulation which allows for response, which in turn leads to growth |
| Secure attachment | infants are not overly animated when the mother returns and use her as a base for exploring the room and as a source of comfort upon returning |
| Insecure/ Avoidant Attachment | infants ignore or avoid the mother upon her return, do not appear to be distressed when the mother leaves them, and react to the stranger in a similar manner as to the mother. |
| Insecure/ resistant attachment | infants are reluctant to explore the playroom, cling to the mother, and attempt to hide from the stranger. These infants initially seek contact with the mother upon her return but then show signs of rejecting her. |
| Disorganized/ disoriented attachment | may lack coherence, display contradictory patterns, and result in disorientation of the child. This kind of attachment may represent the child’s response to being frightened of the caretaker or may be the child’s reaction to an abusive situation |
| How does early attachment influence later relationships? | continues to play a role in adult hood in social and intimate relationships. Essential for infants survival. |
| Name and describe the procedure used to determine infant attachment style | Strange situation |
| Describe one disorder linked to adverse caregiving environments | Depression |
| High Sensitivity: what behaviors show a parent is highly sensitive? | Emotional absorption, overstimulation, emotional awareness, overwhelm |
| Structure and Nurture: why is balance important in early childhood? | allows children to feel secure and connected to their caregivers while also providing them with support and guidance . Balance helps children trust and grow, as they learn to navigate the environment. |
| Co-regulation: | where individuals help each other navigate their emotions and behaviors |
| Developmental parenting focuses on | the importance and understanding and supporting children's growth through various aspects of development |
| how should parents handle lying or misbehavior? | -Parents are to model desirable behavior. -Tell child that lying is unacceptable and will jeopardize their interactions with others. -Inform child of that aware of misbehavior. -Determine cause of lying |
| The Marshmallow Experiment measured: | self control and delayed gratification in children. -It assessed their ability to wait for the reward whether it was an extra marshmallow |
| How do Prosocial behaviors demonstrated by children change parent-child interactions or relationships? | It can lead to more positive and supportive relationships. -It can create a reciprocal effect, where parents may respond more with nurturing and affectionate interactions. |
| Noncomplicance | one of the most common parental complaints, child fails to comply with requests and disobey rules established by family system -tend to test the limits of adults' patience -most frequent prescribed method involve the use of behavior modification |
| Goodness of Fit | each child demands an individual approach that takes into account their unique temperament and needs. -the temperament of an infant and that of parents influences how parenting may unfold |
| How should parents respond to preschoolers’ questions about sex? | Ask the child about what he thinks it means and then fill in info. to at the appropriate age development level. -could rehearse answers |
| Abstinence-only education tends to | not be effective and is inadequate. |
| Erikson Stages | -8 stages -Trust vs. Mistrust -Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt -Initiative vs. Guilt -Industry vs. Inferiority -Identity vs. Role confusion -Intimacy vs. Isolation -Generativity vs. Self- absorption -Integrity vs. Despair |
| Preschool: ____ Vs.______ | Initiative vs. Guilt -Family: To make, imitate, exploration, expanding developmental world |
| Toddlerhood: ____ Vs. ______ | Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt -Paternal Person: to hold on and let go, early initiatives in self-care -set personal boundaries between themselves and others |
| Adolescence: _____ Vs. ______ | Identity vs. Role Confusion -Peer Groups: to be oneself, be with others, individuation, autonomy, and peer relationships. -Parenting style become more authoritative, less authoritarian and then more permissive |
| Role Strain | occurs when adults attempt to succeed at several competing social roles. In practice, this means that both parents try to cope with a variety of roles |
| Overinvolvement in parenting may lead to | Reduce autonomy (children dont have confidence), emotional dependency, anxiety, low self-esteem, low self-worth |
| What is Open Adoption? | refers to the amount of contact between the birthparents and the family initiating an adoption. Almost all recent adoptions are open or semi-open |
| Respite Care provides | a community service for families and individuals with disabilities. The service assists families in coping with emergency situations that require the absence of the primary caregivers |
| Postpartum Depression symptoms: | includes feelings of not wanting to provide care for the infant, severe mood swings, continual fatigue, lack of joy in life, and/or withdrawal from relationships |
| Postpartum Psychosis differs from depression because | may lose contact with reality. They may have delusions, such as believing that their child is evil and will do them harm. Hallucinations can also occur. Some mothers with this condition have harmed or even killed their children during psychotic episodes |
| Healthy Conception: What should parents do before pregnancy? | -visit GYN 3 months prior -do genetic carrier screening -wean off meds -stop smoking -maternal care/health -check for STDS, -check how relationship is with other partner |
| Birthing Plan: What types of information does it include? | that encompasses where the mother will deliver the baby and pain management during labor and the delivery. -See if they have a doula -take a CPR class |
| Delaying gratification | delay in getting what they want. Difficult task. Expected to defer having a smaller need satisfied immediately in exchange for receiving a greater benefit later |
| Family of Origin | implies the families from which individuals originate and which represent and contribute unique family values, ancestry, and dynamics |
| Teratogenic (Avoid) | psych. meds, meds. that treat cancer, acne and psoriasis if you want to have a baby. |
| 3 states of prenatal development | 1. Critical period of human development 2. Shortest stage of the lifespan: 40 weeks 3. Most rapid growth and development during lifespan |
| Barker Hypothesis | research indicates that the prenatal period of a person's life appears to be one of the crucial periods in determining the later spectrum of health and disease. |
| International Adoptions | highest risk and difficulty -health histories may be inaccurate -increase risk of adopting child with unanticipated special and medical needs -significant fees |
| Foster children struggle with | emotional attachment and behavioral problems and may have been cycled through various homes |
| Bedsharing with infants under 6 months could lead to | asphyxiation and sleep related death or SIDS |
| The Period of Purple Crying (described the crying of babies) | P-peak of crying U-unexpected crying R-Resists soothing P-Pain-like face L-Long lasting E-Evening |
| Belsky's Process Model | Identified 3 sets of influences: personal and psychological resources of the parents, the characteristics of the child, and the contextual sources of stress and support |
| Heinicke's Framework | focused on the interaction between parental characteristics, family support, and how these factors could determine quality of parenting -Quality of marriage is featured strongly |
| Toddlers | -reach 18 months -discovery their ability to set personal boundaries between themselves and others as they discover they are distinct individuals and not an extension of their parents |
| Self efficacy | refers to the ability of the child to manage certain tasks independently and age appropriately |
| "Private speech" | preschoolers talk to their toys as if it was alive |
| What are Mildred's 6 stages of play? | unoccupied, solitary (independent), onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative |
| Laissez-faire | teens take complete control and responsibility for their lives. Parents understand they can contribute info. and opinions, teens can disregard this |
| Egalitarian | equal power and status, and make decisions through joint effort |
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