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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Indus River Valley | ANCIENT RIVER VALLEY // One of the two most important rivers in ancient India, flowing also through present-day Pakistan |
| Ganges River Valley | The other major river of ancient India, considered sacred by Hindus. Flows through northern India |
| Himalayas | The world's highest mountain range, located north of India. Acts as a natural barrier between India and Central Asia. |
| Monsoons | Heavy rains/winds in India from June to October. Cause both beneficial flooding (for agriculture) and destructive flooding that damage cities |
| Harappan Civilization | The largest and longest-lasting of the ancient river valley civilizations, with over 5 million people and more than 1,000 cities. |
| Mohenjo Daro | Major city of the Indus Valley Harappan Civilization, famous for sophisticated drainage systems and organized street layout. |
| Vedic Age | The period from 1500-500 BCE named after the creation of the Vedas, collection of ancient sacred hymns/rituals/texts that form the foundation of Hinduism |
| Sanskrit | The ancient language in which the Vedas were written. It became the basis for many modern Indian languages. |
| Untouchability | The practice of treating certain groups of people as "untouchable" or impure in the caste system, below its very bottom |