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Tissues
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Name the six functions of epithelial tissue | Protection, Sensation, Secretion, Excretion, Absorption, Filtration |
| Name the six important characteristics of epithelial tissue. | Highly cellular, avascular, innervated, regenerative, polar, always connected to connective tissue via basement membrane |
| What is polar? | Has apical (free) and basal (attached) surfaces |
| Single layer of flat cells | Simple squamous cells |
| What are the characteristics of simple squamous cells? | Squished nucleus, permeable for rapid diffusion, reduce friction |
| Examples of simple squamous cells | Blood vessels, air sacs |
| Single layer of cube-shaped cells | Simple cuboidal cells |
| What are the characteristics of simple cuboidal cells? | Round and central nucleus, secrete and absorb substances |
| Examples of simple cuboidal cells | Kidney tubules, gland ducts, ovaries |
| Characteristics of simple columnar | Round nucleus near basement membrane, sometimes have cilia or microvilli, often have goblet cells |
| Purpose of goblet cells | Secrete mucus |
| Single layer of elongated cells | Simple columnar cells |
| Examples of simple columnar cells | Uterus, stomach, intestines |
| Many layers of flat cells | Stratified squamous cells |
| Characteristics of stratified squamous cells | Can accumulate keratin, protects underlying tissues |
| Examples of stratified squamous cells | Epidermis, lines oral, vaginal, and anal cavities |
| Multiple layers of square-shapes cells | Stratified cuboidal cells |
| Characteristics of stratified cuboidal | Protective tissue |
| Examples of stratified cuboidal | Lines ducts of salivary, sweat, and mammary glands, as well as pancreas ducts |
| Multiple layers of elongated cells | Stratified columnar cells |
| Characteristics of stratified columnar | Secrete and protect |
| Examples of stratified columnar | Lines male urethra and part of larynx/pharynx |
| Single layer of strangely shaped elongated cells | Psuedo-stratified columnar |
| Characteristics of psuedo-stratified columnar | Often have cilia or goblet cells, secrets and absorbs |
| Examples of psuedo-stratified columnar | Upper Respiratory Tract, bronchi |
| Many layers of cuboidal and columnar cells | Transitional |
| Characteristics of transitional tissue | Allows for stretching an expansion |
| Examples of transitional tissue | Urinary bladder, ureters, parts or urethra |
| Two types of epithelial glands | Endocrine and exocrine |
| Explain endocrine glands | Secretion is released directly into bloodstream |
| Explain exocrine glands | Secretion is released into bloodstream though ducts on apical surface |
| Two types of exocrine glands | Unicellular and multicellular |
| Example of unicellular glands | Goblet cells |
| Example of multicelluar glands | Sweat or salivary glands |
| Explain merocrine secretion | Cells excrete through exocytosis- vesicles move to, then fuse with, the cell membrane, releasing contents to the extracellular space |
| Examples of merocrine secretion | Sweat and salivary glands, pancreas |
| Explain apocrine secretion | A portion of the cells pinches off with the secreted product |
| Examples of apocrine secretion | Mammary and ceruminous glands |
| Explain holocrine secretion | Cells fill with secretion, the rupture, spilling products into the duct |
| Examples of holocrine secretion | Sebaceous glands |
| Name the three types of secretion | Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine |
| Name the three cell juctions | Tight, demosome, and gap |
| Explain tight junctions | Anchor cells to each other, creating a watertight seal between adjacent cells |
| Examples of tight junctions | Epithelial tissues that line internal organs and cavities |
| Explain demosomes | Form 'spot welds' between cells and allow cells to change shape but still be connected |
| Examples of demosomes | Skin, heart, and muscles |
| Explain gap junctions | Tubular channels between cells that allow for things to be transported, enables communication |
| Examples of gap junctions | Cardiac muscles, never found in skeletal muscles |
| Why are connective tissues grouped together? | They all develop from the same embryonic tissue, are vascular, have an extracellular matrix, ground substance, and fibers |
| What is an extracellular matrix? | A nonliving substance that fills up the space between the cells, made of ground substances and fibers |
| What is a ground substance? | Watery, unstructured material that fills space between cells |
| What are fibers? | Proteins that hold together tissues |
| What are the three fibers in order of size? | Collagen, Elastic, and Reticular |
| What are the four main classes of connective tissues? | Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone, and Blood |
| Functions of connective tissues | Binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing fuel, transporting substances |
| Main difference between loose and dense connective tissue | Loose has many spaces between fibers and dense has few spaces |
| Three types of loose connective tissue | Areolar, Reticular, and Adipose |
| Matrix of areolar tissue | Gel-like ground substance with all three types of fibers |
| Function of areolar tissue | Serve as packing material that wraps and cushions organs |
| Location of areolar tissue | Under epithelial tissues and around organs |
| Matrix of reticular tissue | Gel-like substance with only reticular fibers |
| Function of reticular tissue | Form soft skeletons to support other cells and organs |
| Location of reticular tissue | Lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow |
| Matrix of adipose tissue | Very little matrix, made of tightly packed adipocytes |
| Function of adipose tissue | Energy and fat reserves, insulates body heat, cushions organs |
| Location of adipose tissue | Under skin, around kidneys and heart |
| Three types of dense connective tissue | Regular, Irregular, and Elastic |
| Matrix of dense regular tissue | Closely packed parallel collagen fibers, strong when pulled in one direction |
| Location of dense regular tissue | Tendons and ligaments |
| Function of dense regular tissue | Connect muscles and bones |
| Matrix of dense irregular tissue | Randomly arranged collagen fibers |
| Function of dense irregular tissue | Strong when pulled in many directions |
| Location of dense irregular tissue | Dermis, fibrous coverings around organs and joints |
| Matrix of elastic tissue | High number of elastic fibers |
| Function of elastic tissue | Tissue can bounce back after stretching |
| Location of elastic tissue | Walls of arteries, ligaments connecting vertebrae, lungs |
| How is cartilage different from other connective tissues? | Avascular, firm matrix |
| What are the cells of cartilage called? | Chondroblasts and chondrocytes |
| Function of chondroblasts | Build new matrix until skeleton stops growing |
| Location of chondrocytes | Lacunae |
| Matrix of hyaline cartilage | Has many collagen fibers but a glassy apperance |
| Advantages of hyaline cartilage | Firm and slightly flexible |
| Location of hyaline cartilage | End of bones, tip of nose, ribs and sternum, trachea |
| Matrix of elastic cartilage | Contains many elastic fibers |
| Advantages of elastic cartilage | Strong and very flexible |
| Locations of elastic cartilage | External ears, epiglottis |
| Matrix of fibrocartilage | Rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen |
| Advantages of fibrocartilage | Resist compression and tension |
| Location of fibrocartilage | Intervertebral disks, knees |
| What's so different about blood? | Only liquid body tissue |
| Matrix of blood | Plasma |
| Functions of bone | Support, protect, stores calcium, produces blood cells |
| Matrix of bone | Lamellae, rigid due to abundant collagen and calcium salts |
| What are osteoblasts | Immature bone cells that produce new bone matrix |
| What are osteons? | Units of bones |
| Two types of bone | Compact bone and spongy bone |
| What is compact bone? | Outer layer of bone, rigid |
| What is spongy bone? | Inside at the ends, has spaces full of marrow |
| What is the structure of a muscle from largest to smallest? | Muscle to fascicle to fiber |
| Three types of muscle | Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
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