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AP STATS CH4

TermDefinition
Population Entire group of individuals we want more information about
Census Collects data from every individual in the population
Sample Subset of individuals in the population from which we collect data
Sample Survery Study that collects data from a sample to learn about the population from which the sample was selected.
Bias -inclination of temperament or outlook -systematic error introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others
Convenience sampling Selects individuals who are easy to reach
Voluntary response sampling People choose to be in a sample by responding to a general invitation
Random sampling Involves using a chance process to determine which members of the population are included in the sample.
Sampling frame List of individuals from which a sample is drawn.
Simple random sample Every group of n individuals in a population has an equal chance to be selected as the sample
Sampling without replacement Individuals from the population can be selected once.
Sampling with replacement Individuals from the population can be selected more than once
Strata Group of individuals in a population who share characteristics thought to be associated with the variables being measured in a study
Stratified random sampling Choosing an SRS from each stratum and combing the SRSs into one overall sample
Cluster Group of individuals in a population that are located near each other
Cluster sampling Randomly choosing clusters and including each member of the selected cluster in the sample
Systematic random sampling Randomly selects one of the first k individuals and chooses every kth individual after.
Multistage sampling Large population is divided into groups, and a random sample is taken from each group
Undercoverage Some members of a population are less likely to be chosen or cannot be chosen in a sample
Nonresponse bias An individual chosen for a sample can't be contacted or refuses to participate
Response bias Inaccurate answer to survey questions.
Observational study Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but doesn't try to influence responses
Response variable Measures outcome of a study
Explanatory variable May help explain or predict in a response variable
Confounding variable Known, measured variable that affects independent and dependent variables, creating a false relationship.
Lurking variable Hidden, unmeasured variable that influences a study's outcome
Experiment Treatment on individuals to measure their responses.
Placebo A treatment with no active ingredient, but is like other treatments.
Treatment A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment
Experimental unit The object a treatment is randomly assigned (what is being tested on).
Factor Explanatory variable that is manipulated and may cause a change in response variable.
Levels Different values of factors.
Control Group Used to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments.
Placebo effect Describes the fact that some subjects in an experiment will respond favorably to any treatment.
Double blind experiment Neither subject nor interactors know which treatment subject is receiving.
Single blind experiment Either subject or interactors don’t know which treatment subject is receiving.
Random assignments E.U. are assigned to treatments using a chance process.
Control Keeping other variables constant for all E.U.
Replication Give each treatment enough E.U. “Use enough subjects”
Comparison Compares two or more treatments
Block Group of E.U. known to be similar in some way to affect response to treatments
Randomized block design Random assignment of E.U. to treatments is carried out separately within each block
Matched pair design Common form of comparing 2 treatments.
Placebo-controlled comparative experiment compares the effects of an experimental treatment group with those of a placebo control group, where subjects were randomly assigned to each group.
Created by: avnitamia
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