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vitamins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inorganic elements essential for proper animal nutrition excluding C, H, O, and N. | Minerals |
| Main constituents of the ash fraction of feeds. | Inorganic mineral elements |
| Source of mineral requirements in animals. | Feeds, supplements, water, and soil |
| Constitute skeletal structures, giving rigidity and strength to bones and teeth. | Mineral function in tissues |
| Constitute organic compounds like proteins and lipids in muscles and blood cells. | Mineral function in organic compounds |
| Maintain ionic equilibrium and serve as enzyme activators. | Regulatory function of minerals |
| Directly incorporated into hormones such as iodine in thyroid hormones. | Mineral as hormone component |
| Used by microorganisms to produce Vitamin B12. | Cobalt function |
| Help regulate acid-base balance through hydrogen ion excretion. | Mineral in acid-base equilibrium |
| Involved in nerve excitability and muscle contraction. | Mineral in nerve function |
| Aid in milk and egg production. | Accessory mineral function |
| Component of cell membrane; Na⁺/K⁺ pump maintains ionic balance. | Mineral in cell membrane |
| Required in large amounts and expressed in percentage of diet. | Macrominerals |
| Required in trace amounts and expressed in ppm or mg/kg. | Microminerals |
| Macrominerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfur. | Macromineral examples |
| Microminerals include iron, copper, cobalt, iodine, molybdenum, fluorine, manganese, zinc, and selenium. | Micromineral examples |
| Closely related to phosphorus; makes up 70% of body ash. | Calcium |
| Ratio of calcium to phosphorus in monogastrics. | 1–2:1 |
| Ratio of calcium to phosphorus in ruminants. | 7:1 |
| Ratio of calcium to phosphorus for laying hens. | 10:1 |
| Deficiency causes osteoporosis, rickets, and milk fever. | Calcium deficiency |
| Deficiency causes pica, poor growth, and infertility. | Phosphorus deficiency |
| Deficiency causes grass tetany (hypomagnesemia). | Magnesium deficiency |
| Deficiency causes parakeratosis in swine. | Zinc deficiency |
| Deficiency causes perosis and skeletal deformities. | Manganese deficiency |
| Deficiency causes unthriftiness and emaciation in ruminants. | Cobalt deficiency |
| Deficiency causes anemia and thumps (labored breathing). | Iron deficiency |
| Deficiency causes enzootic ataxia and anemia. | Copper deficiency |
| Deficiency causes goiter and hair loss (alopecia). | Iodine deficiency |
| Deficiency similar to Vitamin E deficiency causing muscular dystrophy. | Selenium deficiency |
| Deficiency causes poor growth in lambs. | Molybdenum deficiency |
| Organic compounds essential for normal metabolism, growth, and reproduction. | Vitamins |
| Distinct from other nutrients in structure, utilization, and metabolism. | Definition of vitamins |
| Required in minute amounts and essential for health. | Vitamin requirement |
| Cannot be synthesized by animals in sufficient quantities; must be obtained from diet. | Vitamin synthesis limitation |
| Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K. | Fat-soluble vitamins |
| Water-soluble vitamins include B-complex and C. | Water-soluble vitamins |
| Also known as retinol; prevents night blindness and xerophthalmia. | Vitamin A |
| Also called the anti-rachitic factor; includes D2 and D3 forms. | Vitamin D |
| Known as tocopherols; prevent sterility. | Vitamin E |
| Known as anti-hemorrhagic vitamins; includes K2 and K3. | Vitamin K |
| Also called thiamine; prevents polyneuritis in birds. | Vitamin B1 |
| Also called riboflavin; prevents curled toe paralysis. | Vitamin B2 |
| Also called niacin; prevents black tongue and dermatitis. | Vitamin B3 |
| Also called choline; prevents perosis (slipped tendon) in chicks. | Vitamin B4 |
| Also called pantothenic acid; prevents goose-stepping in pigs. | Vitamin B5 |
| Also called pyridoxine; prevents dermatitis, alopecia, and convulsions. | Vitamin B6 |
| Also called biotin; prevents severe dermatitis. | Vitamin B7 |
| Also called inositol; lowers cholesterol and reduces liver fat. | Vitamin B8 |
| Also called folic acid; prevents macrocytic and megaloblastic anemia. | Vitamin B9 |
| Also known as PABA; precursor for folic acid synthesis. | Vitamin B10 |
| Also called anti-gizzoid erosion factor; related to folic acid activity. | Vitamin B11 |
| Also called cyanocobalamin; prevents pernicious anemia. | Vitamin B12 |
| Also called ascorbic acid; prevents scurvy. | Vitamin C |
| Contains C, H, and O; stored in liver and associated with fats. | Fat-soluble vitamin characteristics |
| Contain C, H, O, and sometimes N, S, or Co; not stored and excreted in urine. | Water-soluble vitamin characteristics |
| Transported by lipoproteins and absorbed with fats. | Fat-soluble vitamin transport |
| Transported freely in body fluids and absorbed easily. | Water-soluble vitamin transport |
| Excreted via feces. | Fat-soluble vitamin excretion |
| Excreted via urine. | Water-soluble vitamin excretion |
| Can accumulate in tissues and cause toxicity. | Fat-soluble vitamin toxicity |
| Non-toxic and not stored in tissues. | Water-soluble vitamin toxicity |
| Deficiency causes night blindness and rough hair coat. | Vitamin A deficiency |
| Deficiency causes rickets and poor eggshell formation. | Vitamin D deficiency |
| Deficiency causes muscular dystrophy and encephalomalacia. | Vitamin E deficiency |
| Deficiency causes hemorrhages. | Vitamin K deficiency |
| Deficiency causes polyneuritis in birds. | Vitamin B1 deficiency |
| Deficiency causes curled toe paralysis. | Vitamin B2 deficiency |
| Deficiency causes black tongue and dermatitis. | Vitamin B3 deficiency |
| Deficiency causes perosis (slipped tendon). | Vitamin B4 deficiency |
| Deficiency causes goose-stepping in pigs. | Vitamin B5 deficiency |
| Deficiency causes dermatitis and convulsions. | Vitamin B6 deficiency |
| Deficiency causes severe dermatitis. | Vitamin B7 deficiency |
| Deficiency causes macrocytic anemia and leucopenia. | Vitamin B9 deficiency |
| Deficiency causes pernicious anemia. | Vitamin B12 deficiency |
| Deficiency causes scurvy and low immune resistance. | Vitamin C deficiency |
| Makes up 70–90% of body tissues and about 75% of total body weight. | Water |
| Universal solvent and medium for nutrient transport. | Function of water |
| Transports nutrients and waste products in the body. | Function of water |
| Maintains body structure and temperature regulation. | Function of water |
| Major component in metabolism and physiological processes. | Function of water |
| Lubricates joints and aids in milk production. | Function of water |
| Required in higher amounts during lactation and hot climates. | Water requirement |
| Obtained from drinking water and feedstuffs. | Ingested water |
| Produced from metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. | Metabolic water |
| Yields about 55.5% water from oxidation of glucose. | Water yield from carbohydrates |
| Yields about 41.5% water from oxidation of protein. | Water yield from protein |
| Yields more than 100% water from oxidation of fats. | Water yield from fats |
| Animals require 2–3 parts water for every part of dry matter intake. | Water-to-dry matter ratio |
| Animals can survive 5–6 days without water but up to 100 days without food. | Water survival limit |
| Essential component of mitochondria and antioxidant beneficial for hypertension. | Coenzyme Q10 |
| Aids in fat metabolism and energy production. | L-Carnitine |
| Vitamin-like compound aiding conversion of homocysteine to methionine. | Trimethylglycine (TMG) |
| Helps lower cholesterol, reduce liver fat, and fortify cell membranes. | Inositol |
| Water-soluble antioxidant that supports liver detoxification and immune defense. | Glutathione |
| Plant compounds that prevent osteoporosis and enhance cognition. | Flavonoids and isoflavones |
| Flavonoid found in onions and tea; reduces coronary heart disease risk. | Quercetin |
| Herbal extract that helps adapt to stress and boosts vitality. | Eleuteroside (Ginseng) |
| Herb known for antibiotic and immune-stimulating effects. | Echinacea |
| Antioxidant related to B-complex; regulates blood sugar and combats fatigue. | Alpha-lipoic acid |
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