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philosophical terms

QuestionAnswer
Realism eg: The world is real whether we perceive it or not. Reality exists independently of human minds.
Idealism eg: What we call real exists only in thought or perception. Reality depends on the mind or ideas.
Transcendental Idealism eg: We never know things as they truly are, only as they appear to us. Reality exists, but we only know it through the filters of our mind
Phenomenalism eg: An apple = the sensations of red, round, and sweet. We never experience objects directly, only sensations or appearances.
Empiricism eg: You must see or test something to believe it. Knowledge comes only from sensory experience.
Rationalism eg: Truth is derived from thinking, not sensing. Knowledge comes from logic and reason, not experience.
Relativism eg: What’s true for one culture/time/person may not be true for another. Truth depends on context — no absolute truths.
Absolutism / Objectivism eg: Facts stay true no matter who observes them. Truth is universal and independent of opinion.
Existentialism eg: Life has no built-in meaning; you must define yours. Humans create their own meaning through choices and actions.
Determinism eg: Free will is an illusion; everything is predetermined. Everything (including human behavior) is caused by prior factors.
Free Will eg: We are responsible for our own choices. Humans can act independently of prior causes.
Reductionism eg: A mind is just neurons firing. Explaining complex things by breaking them into smaller, simpler parts.
Holism eg: You can’t understand a mind just by studying neurons. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Structuralism eg: Meaning arises from patterns and relationships, not individual things. Human behavior and culture can be understood as systems or structures.
Post-Structuralism eg: Language and culture constantly reshape meaning. Rejects fixed structures — meaning is unstable and changes with context.
Constructivism eg: We build our version of truth through shared beliefs. Reality or knowledge is constructed by social or mental processes.
Positivism eg: If you can’t test or measure it, it’s meaningless. Only observable, measurable facts count as knowledge.
Nihilism eg: Nothing truly matters. Belief that life has no inherent meaning or value.
Humanism eg: Humans can shape their own destiny. Focuses on human values, reason, and dignity instead of divine authority.
Materialism / Physicalism eg: Mind = brain; nothing beyond the physical world. Everything (even thoughts) arises from physical matter.
Dualism eg: Body and soul are distinct. Reality has two kinds of substances — mind and matter.
Phenomenology eg: Let’s examine how we experience, not what causes it. Study of how things appear to consciousness — focusing on experience itself.
Pragmatism eg: If it helps you live better or predict results, it’s true enough. Truth depends on what works in practice.(practicality)
Created by: sanskriiiitiiii
 

 



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