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Jazmine McFarlin - 1
Physiology Ch: 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four major classes of biomolecules, and what roles do they play in the human body? | Carbohydrates (energy and structure), lipids (energy storage and membranes), proteins (enzymes and cell functions), and nucleic acids (genetic information). |
| How do enzymes (a type of protein) accelerate chemical reactions in cells? | Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for reactions, allowing them to occur faster and more efficiently. |
| What distinguishes saturated from unsaturated fatty acids, and why does it matter for cell membranes? | Saturated fats have no double bonds and pack tightly, making membranes less fluid; unsaturated fats have double bonds that create kinks, increasing membrane flexibility. |
| What is the role of the mitochondria in cellular energy production? | Mitochondria convert glucose and oxygen into ATP through cellular respiration, powering cellular activities. |
| How does the cell cycle regulate growth and division, and what happens during mitosis? | The cell cycle ensures proper DNA replication and division; mitosis separates duplicated chromosomes into two identical daughter cells. |
| What is the function of stem cells in tissue repair and development? | Stem cells can divide and differentiate into specialized cells, helping regenerate damaged tissues and support growth. |
| What are the four basic tissue types, and how do they differ in structure and function? | Epithelial (covers surfaces), connective (supports and binds), muscle (contracts for movement), and nervous (transmits signals). |
| How does the skin contribute to homeostasis and protection? | The skin regulates temperature, prevents water loss, blocks pathogens, and contains sensory receptors. |
| What is the role of keratinocytes and melanocytes in the epidermis? | Keratinocytes produce keratin for waterproofing and protection; melanocytes produce melanin to shield against UV damage. |
| How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts maintain bone remodeling and calcium balance? | Osteoblasts build bone by depositing matrix; osteoclasts break down bone to release calcium, keeping bones strong and calcium levels stable. |
| What are the structural differences between compact and spongy bone? | Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is porous and found inside, housing marrow and reducing weight. |
| How do joints enable movement, and what types of joints exist in the human body? | Joints connect bones and allow movement; types include hinge (elbow), ball-and-socket (shoulder), and pivot (neck). |
| How do myosin and actin interact during skeletal muscle contraction? | Myosin heads bind to actin filaments and pull them inward, shortening the muscle fiber. |
| What role does calcium play in initiating muscle contraction? | Calcium binds to troponin, shifting tropomyosin and exposing actin binding sites for myosin to attach. |
| What is the sliding filament theory, and how does it explain muscle shortening? | It describes how actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, powered by ATP, to contract the muscle. |
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