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pharm modu 5
Pharm Math Sem 2 Module 5 - Antidiabetics & Antithryoid meds NC post.pdf
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Endocrine System: | A network of glands that produce and release hormones to regulate bodily functions like metabolism, growth, and stress response. |
| Hypothyroidism: | A condition where the thyroid gland is underactive, producing insufficient thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms like weight gain and fatigue. |
| Hyperthyroidism: | A condition where the thyroid gland is overactive, producing excess thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms like weight loss and rapid heartbeat. |
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): | A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid to produce T3 and T4. |
| Levothyroxine: | A synthetic thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism. |
| Propylthiouracil (PTU): | An antithyroid medication used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones. |
| Antithyroid Medication: | Drugs that reduce the production or release of thyroid hormones, used to treat hyperthyroidism. |
| Diabetes Mellitus: | A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance |
| Type 1 Diabetes: | An autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces little to no insulin. |
| Type 2 Diabetes: | A condition characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. |
| Insulin: | A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose by facilitating cellular glucose uptake. |
| Rapid-Acting Insulin: | Insulin that begins to work within 15 minutes, peaks in about 1 hour, and lasts for 2-4 hours (e.g., insulin lispro). |
| Short-Acting Insulin: | Insulin that begins to work within 30 minutes, peaks in 2-3 hours, and lasts for 3-6 hours (e.g., regular insulin). |
| Intermediate-Acting Insulin: | Insulin that begins to work in 1-3 hours, peaks in 4-8 hours, and lasts for 12-16 hours (e.g., NPH insulin). |
| Long-Acting Insulin: | Insulin that has a slow, steady release with no peak, providing basal coverage for about 24 hours (e.g., insulin glargine). |
| Basal Insulin: | Long-acting or intermediate-acting insulin that provides a steady level of insulin to control blood glucose between meals and overnight. |
| Bolus Insulin: | Rapid-acting or short-acting insulin taken at mealtimes to manage postprandial blood glucose spikes. |
| Sliding Scale Insulin: | A regimen where the insulin dose is adjusted based on pre-meal blood glucose levels. |
| U-100 Insulin: | Insulin with a concentration of 100 units per mL. |
| U-300 Insulin: | A concentrated insulin with 300 units per mL; three times more concentrated than U-100. |
| Hypoglycemia: | Abnormally low blood glucose levels, typically below 4 mmol/L. |
| Hyperglycemia: | Abnormally high blood glucose levels. |
| Glucagon: | A hormone used as an emergency treatment for severe hypoglycemia; it stimulates the liver to release stored glucose. |
| Oral Antihyperglycemic Drugs: | Medications taken by mouth to lower blood glucose levels in Type 2 diabetes. |
| Metformin: | A first-line oral antihyperglycemic drug that reduces glucose production in the liver and improves insulin sensitivity. |
| Sulfonylureas: | A class of oral antidiabetic drugs that stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin. |
| DPP-IV Inhibitors: | Oral antidiabetic drugs that slow the inactivation of incretin hormones, which help regulate blood glucose. |
| A1C (HbA1c): | A blood test that measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months. |
| High-Alert Medication: | Drugs that bear a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when used in error. |
| Negative Feedback Loop: | A regulatory mechanism where the output of a process inhibits further production, maintaining homeostasis. |
| Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4): | Hormones produced by the thyroid gland that regulate metabolism, growth, and development. |
| Graves' Disease: | An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism. |
| Exophthalmos: | Bulging of the eyes, often associated with Graves' disease. |
| Thyroid Storm: | A life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism requiring emergency treatment. |
| Lipodystrophy: | A disturbance in fat tissue, often at insulin injection sites, causing lumps or dents. |
| Medical Alert Jewelry: | Bracelets or necklaces that identify a person's medical condition, such as diabetes or thyroid disorder. |
| Insulin Pump: | A device that delivers continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. |
| Insulin Syringe: | A syringe specifically designed to measure and administer insulin in units. |
| Lo-Dose Insulin Syringe: | A small insulin syringe used for doses of 30 or 50 units of U-100 insulin. |
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