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pharm modu 4
Pharm Math Sem 2 Module 4 - Antimicrobial therapy – Antibiotics; Systems of Meas
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Antimicrobial: | A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. |
| Antibiotic (ABx): | A type of antimicrobial drug used specifically to treat bacterial infections. |
| Bactericidal: | An antibiotic that kills bacteria. |
| Bacteriostatic: | An antibiotic that inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria. |
| Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic: | An antibiotic effective against a wide range of bacteria, both gram-positive and gram-negative. |
| Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotic: | An antibiotic effective against only a specific type or group of bacteria. |
| Culture and Sensitivity (C&S): | A lab test that identifies bacteria causing an infection and determines which antibiotics will be effective against it. |
| Gram-Positive Bacteria: | Bacteria that retain a crystal violet stain in the Gram stain test, often causing skin and respiratory infections. |
| Gram-Negative Bacteria: | Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain, often causing gastrointestinal, urinary, and systemic infections. |
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA): | A type of staph bacteria resistant to many common antibiotics, including methicillin. |
| Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (VRSA): | A type of staph bacteria resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin. |
| Superinfection: | A new infection that occurs during or after treatment for a primary infection, often due to antibiotic use. |
| Mechanism of Action (MOA): | The specific biochemical way in which a drug produces its effects. |
| Beta-Lactams: | A class of antibiotics (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins) that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. |
| Penicillins: | A group of beta-lactam antibiotics used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. |
| Cephalosporins: | A class of beta-lactam antibiotics similar to penicillins, used for a broad range of infections. |
| Aminoglycosides: | A class of bactericidal antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis (e.g., gentamicin). |
| Macrolides: | A class of bacteriostatic antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis (e.g., azithromycin). |
| Tetracyclines: | A class of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis; used for acne, Lyme disease, and others. |
| Fluoroquinolones: | A class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis (e.g., ciprofloxacin). |
| Sulfonamides: | A class of antibiotics that inhibit folic acid synthesis in bacteria. |
| Vancomycin: | A glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat serious gram-positive infections, including MRSA. |
| Clostridium Difficile (C. Diff): | A bacterium that causes severe diarrhea, often associated with antibiotic use. |
| Anaphylaxis: | A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction. |
| Parenteral Medications: | Medications administered by routes other than the digestive tract, typically by injection. |
| Intramuscular (IM): | Injection into a muscle. |
| Subcutaneous (SUBCUT): | Injection into the tissue layer between the skin and muscle. |
| Intradermal (ID): | Injection into the dermis layer of the skin. |
| Intravenous (IV): | Injection directly into a vein. |
| Syringe: | A device used to inject or withdraw fluids. |
| Hypodermic Syringe: | A syringe used for injections under the skin. |
| Tuberculin Syringe: | A small syringe used for precise measurements, often for TB tests. |
| Insulin Syringe: | A syringe specifically calibrated to administer insulin in units. |
| Luer-Lok: | A type of syringe tip that locks the needle in place. |
| Units (U): | A measurement used for medications like insulin and heparin. |
| International Units (IU): | A standardized unit of measurement for vitamins and other substances. |
| Milliequivalents (mEq): | A unit of measurement used for electrolytes. |
| Percentage Strength: | The number of grams of medication per 100 mL of solution. |
| Ratio Strength: | The number of grams of medication per total milliliters of solution (e.g., 1:1000). |
| Dosage Strength: | The amount of drug in a given unit of measurement (e.g., mg/mL). |
| Metric System: | A decimal-based system of measurement used in healthcare (e.g., grams, liters). |
| Imperial System (US Standard System): | A system of measurement using units like pounds, ounces, and inches. |
| Conversion: | Changing a measurement from one unit to another. |
| Dimensional Analysis: | A mathematical method for converting units and calculating dosages. |
| Intake and Output (I&O): | The measurement of a patient's fluid intake and output. |
| Compatibility: | The ability of two or more drugs to be mixed without causing a chemical or physical reaction. |
| Hypersensitivity: | An exaggerated immune response to a substance, such as an allergic reaction to a drug. |
| Therapeutic Level: | The concentration of a drug in the blood that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity. |
| Half-Life: | The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the blood to reduce by half. |
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