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pharm modu 3 Autom
Pharm Math Sem 2 Module 3 - Autonomic Nervous System, reading orders, labels and
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ADME: | Acronym for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion; the four stages of drug movement through the body. |
| Absorption: | The process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. |
| Distribution: | The process by which a drug is dispersed from the bloodstream to body tissues and organs. |
| Metabolism: | The chemical breakdown of a drug into metabolites, primarily in the liver, to make it easier to eliminate. |
| Excretion: | The process of removing drug metabolites from the body, primarily via the kidneys. |
| Pharmacokinetics: | What the body does to the drug; the study of drug movement through the body (ADME). |
| Pharmacodynamics: | What the drug does to the body; the study of the drug's biochemical and physiological effects and its mechanism of action. |
| Bioavailability: | The proportion of a drug that enters the systemic circulation and is able to have an active effect. |
| Onset: | The time it takes for a drug to start producing its therapeutic effect. |
| Peak: | The point at which the drug reaches its maximum concentration in the body and produces the greatest therapeutic effect. |
| Duration: | The length of time a drug continues to produce its therapeutic effect. |
| Half-life: | The time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the blood to reduce by half. |
| Therapeutic Window: | The range of drug concentration in the blood that is safe and effective. |
| Peak and Trough Levels: | Blood tests to measure the highest (peak) and lowest (trough) concentrations of a drug. |
| Dose Response Relationship: | The correlation between the dose of a drug and the magnitude of its effect. |
| Agonist: | A drug that binds to and activates a receptor to produce a response. |
| Antagonist: | A drug that blocks a receptor, preventing other substances from activating it. |
| Synergistic: | A drug interaction where the combined effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects. |
| Additive: | A drug interaction where the combined effect is equal to the sum of the individual effects. |
| Antagonistic: | A drug interaction where one drug reduces or blocks the effect of another. |
| Receptor: | A specialized protein on or in a cell that a drug binds to in order to produce an effect. |
| Ligand: | A molecule (such as a drug) that binds to a receptor. |
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): | The part of the nervous system responsible for control of involuntary bodily functions. |
| Central Nervous System (CNS): | The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): | The part of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. |
| Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): | The "fight or flight" division of the ANS. |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS): | The "rest and digest" division of the ANS. |
| Adrenergic: | Relating to nerves that release norepinephrine or epinephrine, or the receptors they act on. |
| Cholinergic: | Relating to nerves that release acetylcholine, or the receptors they act on. |
| Nicotinic Receptors: | A type of cholinergic receptor stimulated by nicotine. |
| Muscarinic Receptors: | A type of cholinergic receptor stimulated by muscarine. |
| Alpha Receptors (Alpha-1, Alpha-2): | A class of adrenergic receptors. |
| Beta Receptors (Beta-1, Beta-2): | A class of adrenergic receptors. |
| Acetylcholine (ACh): | The primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. |
| Norepinephrine (NE): | A primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system. |
| Epinephrine (Adrenalin): | A hormone and neurotransmitter; a key agent in the "fight or flight" response. |
| Sympathomimetic: | A drug that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (Adrenergic Agonist). |
| Parasympathomimetic: | A drug that mimics the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system (Cholinergic Agonist). |
| Adrenergic Agonists: | Drugs that stimulate adrenergic receptors, mimicking the SNS. |
| Adrenergic Antagonists (Blockers): | Drugs that block adrenergic receptors, inhibiting the SNS. |
| Cholinergic Agonists: | Drugs that stimulate cholinergic receptors, mimicking the PNS. |
| Anticholinergics (Parasympatholytics): | Drugs that block cholinergic receptors, inhibiting the PNS. |
| Medication Order: | A legal written or verbal directive from a prescriber to administer a medication. |
| Medication Administration Record (MAR): | The document where medication administrations are documented. |
| DIN (Drug Identification Number): | A unique number assigned to each drug product in Canada. |
| Ratio and Proportion Method: | A mathematical method for calculating drug dosages. |
| Formula Method (D/H x Q): | A formula for calculating drug dosages: (Desired Dose / Dose on Hand) x Quantity. |
| Desired Dose (D): | The dose prescribed or desired. |
| Have on Hand (H): | The dose strength available. |
| Quantity (Q): | The volume or form (e.g., tablet, mL) of the dose on hand. |
| Orthostatic Hypotension: | A form of low blood pressure that happens when standing up. |
| Cholinergic Crisis: | Toxicity from excessive cholinergic stimulation; symptoms include SLUDGE and can be fatal. |
| SLUDGE: | A mnemonic for Anticholinergic side effects: Salivation decreased, Lacrimation decreased, Urinary retention, Drowsiness/dizziness, GI upset, Eyes (blurred vision/dry eyes). |
| Hyperglycemia: | High blood sugar. |
| Bronchodilation: | The widening of the airways in the lungs. |
| Bronchoconstriction: | The narrowing of the airways in the lungs. |
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