What is the primary goal of homeostasis in the human body?

To maintain stable internal conditions, allowing cells and organs to function properly despite external changes.

How do carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins differ in structure and function?

Carbohydrates provide energy and cell recognition, lipids form membranes and store energy, and proteins act as enzymes, transporters, and structural components.

How does the Fluid Mosaic Model explain selective permeability?

The lipid bilayer provides flexibility, while embedded proteins allow selective transport, signaling, and communication.

What are the key phases of the cell cycle, and why are checkpoints important?

G1, S, G2, M; checkpoints ensure DNA integrity and proper division, preventing mutations.

The outer layer of the skin, primarily composed of _______ epithelium, provides protection and barrier function.

Stratified squamous keratinized

Compare compact and spongy bone in terms of structure and function.

Compact bone: dense, strong, supports weight; Spongy bone: porous, houses marrow, absorbs shock.

How do synovial joints achieve a balance between mobility and stability?

Articular cartilage and synovial fluid enable smooth motion, while ligaments and surrounding muscles provide stability.

What role do calcium ions play in skeletal muscle contraction?

Calcium binds to troponin, shifts tropomyosin, exposing actin sites for myosin attachment.

Explain the sliding filament theory in muscle contraction.

Myosin heads hydrolyze ATP to pull actin filaments, shortening sarcomeres and producing contraction.

Which factors affect joint range of motion and injury risk?

Joint type, ligament flexibility, muscle tone, and bone structure; more mobile joints are more prone to injury.

Mitosis vs. meiosis: purpose and outcomes?

Mitosis: 2 identical cells, growth/repair; Meiosis: 4 unique gametes, genetic diversity.

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Samaneh Hamidi

physiology week 1-6

Question	Answer
What is the primary goal of homeostasis in the human body?	To maintain stable internal conditions, allowing cells and organs to function properly despite external changes.
How do carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins differ in structure and function?	Carbohydrates provide energy and cell recognition, lipids form membranes and store energy, and proteins act as enzymes, transporters, and structural components.
In DNA, adenine pairs with _______ to maintain genetic fidelity.	Thymine
How does the Fluid Mosaic Model explain selective permeability?	The lipid bilayer provides flexibility, while embedded proteins allow selective transport, signaling, and communication.
What are the key phases of the cell cycle, and why are checkpoints important?	G1, S, G2, M; checkpoints ensure DNA integrity and proper division, preventing mutations.
The outer layer of the skin, primarily composed of _______ epithelium, provides protection and barrier function.	Stratified squamous keratinized
Compare compact and spongy bone in terms of structure and function.	Compact bone: dense, strong, supports weight; Spongy bone: porous, houses marrow, absorbs shock.
How do synovial joints achieve a balance between mobility and stability?	Articular cartilage and synovial fluid enable smooth motion, while ligaments and surrounding muscles provide stability.
What role do calcium ions play in skeletal muscle contraction?	Calcium binds to troponin, shifts tropomyosin, exposing actin sites for myosin attachment.
Explain the sliding filament theory in muscle contraction.	Myosin heads hydrolyze ATP to pull actin filaments, shortening sarcomeres and producing contraction.
Which factors affect joint range of motion and injury risk?	Joint type, ligament flexibility, muscle tone, and bone structure; more mobile joints are more prone to injury.
Mitosis vs. meiosis: purpose and outcomes?	Mitosis: 2 identical cells, growth/repair; Meiosis: 4 unique gametes, genetic diversity.
Cells increase in number through the process of ________, essential for growth, repair, and development.	Mitosis

Created by: samanehh

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