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modu 5 respiratory 1
module 5 respiratory part 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Upper Respiratory Tract: | The part of the respiratory system above the vocal cords, including the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. |
| Lower Respiratory Tract: | The part of the respiratory system below the vocal cords, including the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli |
| Alveoli: | Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the primary function of gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs. |
| Alveolar-Capillary Membrane: | The extremely thin barrier between the alveoli and the blood capillaries where gas exchange takes place. |
| Dyspnea: | The subjective feeling of difficult or uncomfortable breathing; shortness of breath. |
| Pleuritic Chest Pain: | Sharp chest pain that worsens during deep breathing or coughing, caused by inflammation of the pleura. |
| Sputum: | Mucus and other material coughed up from the lungs. |
| Hemoptysis: | The act of coughing up blood or blood-stained sputum from the respiratory tract. |
| PaO₂: | The partial pressure of arterial oxygen, a measure of oxygen dissolved in the blood plasma. |
| SpO₂: | The estimated oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood, measured by pulse oximetry. |
| Pneumonia: | An acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma (the alveoli and bronchioles) caused by an infectious agent. |
| Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): | Pneumonia that develops in a person who has not recently been hospitalized. |
| Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP): | Pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after hospital admission. |
| Aspiration Pneumonia: | Pneumonia caused by inhaling foreign material, such as food, liquid, or vomit, into the lungs. |
| Opportunistic Pneumonia: | A lung infection that occurs in people with a weakened immune system. |
| Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia (PJP): | A serious fungal lung infection that is a common opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals. |
| Bacterial Pneumonia: | Pneumonia caused by bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. |
| Viral Pneumonia: | Pneumonia caused by a virus, such as Influenza or RSV. |
| Fungal Pneumonia: | Pneumonia caused by fungi, such as Histoplasma. |
| Congestion (Stage 1 of Pneumonia): | The initial stage of pneumonia characterized by outpouring of fluid into the alveoli as the body attempts to fight the infection. |
| Red Hepatization (Stage 2 of Pneumonia): | The stage where the alveoli are filled with organisms, neutrophils, red blood cells, and fibrin, giving the lung a red, liver-like appearance. |
| Grey Hepatization (Stage 3 of Pneumonia): | The stage where decreased blood flow causes the consolidated exudate in the alveoli to appear gray. |
| Resolution (Stage 4 of Pneumonia): | The final stage where the exudate is broken down and cleared, and lung tissue is restored. |
| Pleurisy: | Inflammation of the pleura (the membranes surrounding the lungs). |
| Pleural Effusion: | A buildup of excess fluid in the pleural space (between the lungs and chest wall). |
| Atelectasis: | The collapse or closure of a part of the lung. |
| Empyema: | A collection of pus in the pleural space. |
| Lung Abscess: | A localized area of pus formation and tissue death within the lung. |
| Tuberculosis (TB): | An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis: | The slow-growing bacterium that causes tuberculosis. |
| Latent TB Infection (LTBI): | A condition where a person is infected with M. tuberculosis but does not have active disease and is not contagious. |
| Active TB Disease: | A condition where M. tuberculosis bacteria are active and multiplying, causing symptoms and making the person infectious. |
| Ghon Complex: | The characteristic primary lesion of tuberculosis, consisting of a calcified focus of infection and associated lymph nodes. |
| Miliary TB: | A life-threatening form of TB where bacteria spread through the bloodstream to infect multiple organs throughout the body. |
| Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): | A test where a small amount of tuberculin is injected under the skin to check for a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, indicating TB infection. |
| Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB): | A laboratory staining procedure used to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis under a microscope. |
| QuantiFERON-TB Gold Test (QFT): | A blood test that measures the immune system's reaction to M. tuberculosis to detect infection. |
| Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB): | A form of tuberculosis that is resistant to at least two of the most potent first-line anti-TB drugs. |
| Directly Observed Therapy (DOT): | A strategy where a healthcare worker watches the patient swallow each dose of their TB medication to ensure adherence. |
| Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine: | A vaccine used in some countries to prevent TB. |
| Sputum Culture and Sensitivity: | A diagnostic test to identify the specific bacterium causing an infection and determine which antibiotics will be effective. |
| Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs): | A test that measures the acidity (pH) and levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood. |
| Pneumococcal Vaccine: | A vaccine that protects against infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. |
| Influenza Vaccine: | A vaccine that protects against the influenza virus. |
| Respiratory Isolation: | Infection control precautions used to prevent the transmission of pathogens that are spread through the air, such as TB. |
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