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modu 4 Altered Immun
module 4 Altered Immune Response, Infection, and HIV AIDS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Immunity: | The body's ability to resist disease and fight off pathogens. |
| Antigen: | A substance (e.g., virus, pollen) that triggers an immune response. |
| Antibody (Immunoglobulin): | A protein produced by B cells that specifically binds to an antigen to help destroy it. |
| Innate Immunity: | The non-specific, first-line defense system you are born with. Acquired Immunity: Imm |
| Acquired Immunity: | Immunity developed after exposure to a specific antigen. |
| Active Immunity: | Long-lasting immunity where the body produces its own antibodies (e.g., after infection or vaccination). |
| Passive Immunity: | Short-term immunity acquired from receiving antibodies from another source (e.g., mother to baby). |
| Lymphocytes: | A type of white blood cell central to the immune response (includes B cells and T cells). |
| B Cells (B Lymphocytes): | Lymphocytes that produce antibodies. |
| T Cells (T Lymphocytes): | Lymphocytes that directly kill infected cells or help coordinate the immune response. |
| CD4+ T Cells (T Helper Cells): | A type of T cell that helps activate other immune cells; the primary target of HIV. |
| CD8+ T Cells (T Cytotoxic Cells): | A type of T cell that directly kills infected or cancerous cells. |
| Natural Killer (NK) Cells: | Lymphocytes that can recognize and kill virally infected cells and some tumor cells without prior sensitization. |
| Macrophages: | Large white blood cells that ingest pathogens and present antigens to lymphocytes. |
| Dendritic Cells: | Antigen-presenting cells that capture antigens and activate T cells. |
| Cytokines: | Signaling proteins released by cells that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation. |
| Interferons: | A type of cytokine released by cells infected with a virus to help protect neighboring cells from infection. |
| Humoral Immunity: | The aspect of immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells. |
| Cell-Mediated Immunity: | The aspect of immunity mediated by T cells that does not involve antibodies. |
| Primary Immune Response: | The immune response the first time the body is exposed to an antigen. |
| Secondary Immune Response: | The faster, stronger immune response upon a second exposure to the same antigen. |
| Hypersensitivity Reaction: | An overreactive or misdirected immune response that causes damage to the body's own tissues. |
| Type I Hypersensitivity (Anaphylactic): | An immediate, severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis). |
| Type II Hypersensitivity (Cytotoxic): | An antibody-mediated reaction that destroys healthy host cells (e.g., transfusion reaction). |
| Type III Hypersensitivity (Immune-Complex): | A reaction where antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, causing inflammation. |
| Type IV Hypersensitivity (Delayed): | A T-cell mediated reaction that takes 24-72 hours to appear (e.g., poison ivy rash). |
| Anaphylaxis: | A severe, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction. |
| Atopic Reaction: | A localized allergic reaction (e.g., hay fever, asthma, eczema). |
| Allergic Rhinitis: | An allergic reaction causing inflammation of the nasal passages (hay fever). |
| Urticaria (Hives): | A skin reaction characterized by itchy, raised welts. |
| Angioedema: | Swelling in the deeper layers of the skin, often around the eyes and lips. |
| Autoimmunity: | An immune response against the body's own tissues. |
| Autoimmune Disease: | A condition resulting from an autoimmune response (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). |
| Immunodeficiency: | A state where the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. |
| Primary Immunodeficiency: | An immunodeficiency caused by genetic defects, present from birth. |
| Secondary Immunodeficiency: | An immunodeficiency acquired later in life due to another disease or treatment (e.g., HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy). |
| Immunocompromised: | Having a weakened immune system. |
| Infection: | The invasion and multiplication of a pathogen in the body. |
| Pathogen: | A microorganism that can cause disease (e.g., bacteria, virus). |
| Bacteria: | Single-celled microorganisms that can cause infection. |
| Virus: | A tiny infectious agent that requires a living host cell to replicate. |
| Fungi: | A group of organisms that can cause infections, often on the skin or mucous membranes (e.g., yeast, ringworm). |
| Protozoa: | Single-celled organisms that can cause diseases like malaria. |
| Health Care-Associated Infection (HAI): | An infection acquired while receiving health care. |
| Emerging Infection: | An infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population. |
| Re-emerging Infection: | An infectious disease that was previously controlled but is now increasing in incidence. |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): | The virus that attacks the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells. |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): | The final stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely compromised immune system and opportunistic diseases. |
| Retrovirus: | A type of virus, like HIV, that uses RNA as its genetic material and reverse transcriptase to integrate into the host's DNA. |
| CD4 Count: | A measure of the number of CD4+ T cells in the blood; a key indicator of immune system health in HIV. |
| Viral Load: | The amount of HIV virus in a sample of blood. |
| Opportunistic Infection: | An infection caused by a pathogen that does not normally cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system. |
| Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): | The combination of medications used to treat HIV. |
| Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): | Medication taken by HIV-negative people to prevent acquiring HIV. |
| Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): | Medication taken after a potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection. |
| HIV Stigma: | Negative attitudes, beliefs, and discrimination directed toward people living with or perceived to have HIV. |
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