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modu 3 endocrine pa2
module 3 endocrine part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Diabetes Mellitus (DM): | A chronic disease where the body cannot properly use or produce insulin, leading to high blood sugar. |
| Type 1 Diabetes: | An autoimmune condition where the body destroys its own insulin-producing beta cells. Requires lifelong insulin. |
| Type 2 Diabetes: | A condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough. Often linked to lifestyle. |
| Prediabetes: | Blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. |
| Secondary Diabetes: | Diabetes that develops as a result of another medical condition or medication. |
| Insulin: | A hormone made by the pancreas that allows cells to use sugar for energy. |
| Glucagon: | A hormone that raises blood sugar levels; given as an injection for severe hypoglycemia. |
| Beta Cells (β-cells): | Cells in the pancreas that make and release insulin. Autoimmune Destruction |
| Autoimmune Destruction: | The process where the body's immune system attacks and destroys its own beta cells in Type 1 diabetes. |
| Insulin Resistance: | When the body's cells don't respond well to insulin, a key problem in Type 2 diabetes. |
| Polyuria: | Excessive urination. |
| Polydipsia: | Excessive thirst. |
| Polyphagia: | Excessive hunger. |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): | A life-threatening complication of high blood sugar and ketone buildup, more common in Type 1. |
| Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS): | A life-threatening condition of extreme high blood sugar without ketones, more common in Type 2. |
| Hemoglobin A1c (A1C): | A blood test that measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months. |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG): | A blood test that measures blood sugar after not eating for at least 8 hours. |
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): | A test that measures the body's response to a sugar drink. |
| Basal-Bolus Insulin Regimen: | An insulin schedule that uses a long-acting (basal) insulin for background needs and rapid-acting (bolus) insulin for meals. |
| Rapid-Acting Insulin: | Insulin that starts working very quickly, taken just before meals. |
| Short-Acting Insulin: | Insulin that works slower than rapid-acting but faster than long-acting. |
| Intermediate-Acting Insulin: | Insulin that lasts about half a day. |
| Long-Acting Insulin: | Insulin that provides a steady, background level for a full day. |
| Insulin Pen: | A device used to inject insulin, often pre-filled with a cartridge. |
| Insulin Pump: | A small device that delivers a continuous supply of insulin through a tube under the skin. |
| Oral Antihyperglycemic Agents (OHAs): | Pills (not insulin) that help control blood sugar in Type 2 diabetes. Nutritional Therapy: A personalized meal plan to h |
| Nutritional Therapy: | A personalized meal plan to help manage blood sugar, lipids, and blood pressure. |
| Glycemic Index (GI): | A ranking of how quickly a carbohydrate-containing food raises blood sugar. |
| Exercise: | Physical activity that helps lower blood sugar and increase insulin sensitivity. |
| Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG): | The process of checking your own blood sugar levels with a meter. |
| Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM): | A sensor that measures glucose levels continuously throughout the day and night. |
| Hypoglycemia: | Low blood sugar (below 4 mmol/L). |
| Hyperglycemia: | High blood sugar. |
| 15-15 Rule (for Hypoglycemia Treatment): | Consume 15g of fast-acting sugar, wait 15 minutes, then re-check blood sugar. |
| Glucagon (Injection): | An emergency hormone injection to treat severe hypoglycemia when a person cannot eat or drink. |
| Macrovascular Complications: | Diseases of the large blood vessels (heart, brain, legs) caused by diabetes. |
| Microvascular Complications: | Diseases of the small blood vessels (eyes, kidneys, nerves) caused by diabetes. |
| Diabetic Retinopathy: | Damage to the blood vessels in the retina of the eye, which can cause blindness. |
| Diabetic Nephropathy: | Kidney damage caused by diabetes. |
| Diabetic Neuropathy: | Nerve damage caused by diabetes. |
| Peripheral Neuropathy: | Nerve damage, usually in the legs and feet, causing numbness, pain, or tingling. |
| Autonomic Neuropathy: | Nerve damage that affects automatic body functions like digestion, heart rate, and bladder control. |
| Gastroparesis: | A form of autonomic neuropathy where the stomach empties too slowly. |
| Diabetic Dermopathy: | Skin conditions related to diabetes. |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD): | Poor blood circulation to the limbs, especially the legs and feet. |
| Foot Care: | Daily inspection and care of the feet to prevent injuries and infections. |
| Medical Alert Bracelet: | Jewelry that identifies the wearer as having diabetes in case of an emergency. |
| Culturally Competent Care: | Providing care that respects a patient's cultural beliefs, practices, and dietary needs. |
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