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bio- ch 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who discovered cells in slices of cork in 1665? | Robert hooke |
| why did Robert hooke call them cells? | because they looked like cubicles |
| who was the 1st to observe living cells (microrganisms) in 1673? | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| what did Anton van Leeuwenhoek call living cells? | animalcules (now called protists) |
| who discovered plant cells in 1838? | Matthias Schielden |
| who discovered animal cells in 1839? | Theodor Schwann |
| who determined that cells come from preexisting cells in 1855? | Rudolf Virchow |
| what are chemical reactions called in the cell? | metabolism |
| 3 statements of cell theory | 1. all living organisms are made of one or more cells 2. cells are the basic units of structure and function 3. cells come from preexisting cells |
| a cell' shape reflects its _________ | function |
| how big are most cells? | 10-50 micrometers |
| ____________ of a cell increases much faster than the ________________ | Volume; surface area |
| What ratio do we want? | Large surface area: small volume |
| SA increases by a factor of | 2 |
| Volume increases by a factor of | 3 |
| What can too little surface area do to a cell? | Not allow materials to enter/exit quick enough |
| What are the 3 basic parts of a cell? | Plasma (cell) membrane, cytoplasm, control center |
| what are the functions of the cell membrane | outer boundary, cover cell surface, and barrier |
| what are the parts of cytoplasm? | fluid, cytoskeleton, and organelles except nucleus |
| what is the part of the control center? | Chromatin (DNA), which is sometimes floating in cytosol and sometimes contained in the nucleus |
| what is a prokaryote? | Lacks nucleus + membrane bound organelles |
| what is a eukaryote? | contain nucleus + membrane bound organelles |
| what is the plasma membrane made of? | a phospholipid bilayer that has proteins embedded throughout |
| what is the fluid mosaic model? | states that phospholipid bilayer acts more like a fluid than a solid |
| what is the function of the nucleus? | direct cell activities and store DNA in the form of chromatin |
| what is the nuclear envelope? | a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus |
| what is the nucleolus? | makes ribosomes and RNA |
| what is the function of the mitochondria? | harvest energy from organic compounds and transfer it into ATP (cellular respiration) |
| what is the mitochondria known as? | the powerhouse of the cell |
| what is the inner membrane of the mitochondria? | cristae |
| what is the fluid on the outside of the mitochondria? | matrix |
| what does ER stand for? | endoplasmic reticulum |
| what does the smooth ER do? | builds lipids, detoxification, and transports lipids to golgi body |
| what does the rough ER do? | has ribosomes, transports proteins to golgi body |
| where are free ribosomes found? | cytoplasm |
| where are attached ribosomes found? | surface of rough ER |
| what do ribosomes do? | make proteins |
| what does the golgi apparatus do? | process/package proteins and lipids from the ER (post office) |
| what are the 2 different vesicles? | lysosomes and peroxisomes |
| what do lysosomes do? | digest old cell parts, whole cell when it dies, and food+ bacteria |
| what do peroxisomes do? | detoxification (break down H2 O2 into H2O + O2) |
| what do vesicles do? | carry proteins from ER to golgi |
| some vesicles are ____________ out of the cell and some stay inside | released |
| what is the cytoskeleton made of? | protein fibers |
| what does the cytoskeleton do? | helps cells move and maintain their shape |
| what is a microtubule? | hallow protein (largest) |
| what are microfilaments? | solid proteins (smallest) |
| what are centrioles? | microtubules involved in cell division |
| what is the cilia? | short hair like structures that help cells move/filter particles |
| what is the flagella? | long hair like structures that whip for movement |
| what do plant cells have that others do not? | cell walls, central vacuoles, and plastids |
| what is the cell wall (primary)? | rigid structure made of cellulose |
| what is the function of the primary cell wall? | provide support and protection (on the outside of the cell) |
| what is the secondary cell wall? | some plants produce it just inside the primary cell wall |
| what is the large central vacuole? | stores water, enzymes, and waste. provides support for plant tissue |
| what is the function of a plastids? | store starch and pigments |
| what does chloroplast do? | converts light energy into chemical energy by photosynthesis |
| what is the thylakoid? | a sac filled with fluid |
| what is a grana? | stacks of thylakoids (coin shaped thingy) |
| what is the stroma? | the fluid surrounding thylakoids |
| what does the leukoplast do? | store starch |
| what is the chromoplast? | stores red, orange, and yellow pigments |
Created by:
gschultz2028