Question 1

1.1
Pacific Railway Acts in 1862

Accepted Answer

1st transcontinental railroad
accelerating industrialization 
railroads; first big buisness

Question 2

1.1
Union Pacific Railroad

Accepted Answer

Built westward from Omaha, Nebraska.
Employed many Irish immigrants and Civil War veterans.

Question 3

1.1
Central Pacific Railroad

Accepted Answer

Built eastward from Sacramento, California.
Chinese immigrants - 90% of workers

Question 4

1.1
Railroad Challenges?

Accepted Answer

Harsh weather; snow; heat
Dangerous working conditions; environmental and accidents
Conflicts with native tribes

Question 5

1.1
George Pullman

Accepted Answer

Created a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other RxR cars on Illinois prairie
nearby town; housing, shops, churches, & services
Controlled by the company; WAGE SLAVERY

Question 6

1.1
Robber Barons

Accepted Answer

successful industrialists whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical.

Question 7

1.1
Robber Barons Actions:

Accepted Answer

Paid little attention to customers or competitors
Ruined, suppressed, and exploited workers
Used intimidation, violence, corruption, conspiracies, and fraud
Bought and sold politicians
Monopolized industries through trusts

Question 8

1.1
Munn v. Illinois

Accepted Answer

the government's right to regulate private industries that impact the public interest

Question 9

1.1
Interstate Commerce Act

Accepted Answer

a commission to investigate complaints and sue companies that violated its regulations.

Question 10

1.1
Carnegie’s Empire
Henry Bessemer Process

Accepted Answer

Technique that involved blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities and mass-produce steel

Question 11

1.1
Carnegie’s Empire
Andrew Carnegie

Accepted Answer

Left the PA RxR and entered the steel business
By 1899, the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories of Great Britain

Question 12

1.1
Vertical Integration

Accepted Answer

A company’s taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product

Question 13

1.1
Horizontal Integration

Accepted Answer

The merging of companies that make similar products

Question 14

1.1
Social Darwinism and Business
Charles Darwin

Accepted Answer

Introduced the theory of biological evolution through natural selection.
Key idea: “Survival of the fittest.”

Question 15

1.1
Social Darwinism

Accepted Answer

Philosophers and economists applied Darwin’s ideas to society and economics.
Belief that the strong (wealthy, powerful, successful) naturally rise to the top.
The weak (poor, less successful) fail because of their own shortcomings.

Question 16

1.1
Laissez-faire

Accepted Answer

“allow to do” → government should NOT interfere in the economy.

Question 17

1.1
Laissez-faire explained:

Accepted Answer

Social Darwinists argued that government regulation (like helping the poor or regulating business) interfered with natural competition.
Supported by advocates of big business during the Gilded Age.

Question 18

1.1
Oil Tycoon 
Edwin Drake

Accepted Answer

Drake used an old steam engine to power the drill.

Question 19

1.1
Oil Tycoon
John D. Rockefeller

Accepted Answer

Owner of the Standard Oil Company
Merged competing companies in trust agreements
Stockholders gave their stocks to the Trustees and were given dividends of profit in return

Question 20

1.1
Ida Tarbell

Accepted Answer

Wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company 
Revealed the illegal means used by Rockefeller to monopolize the early oil industry.

Question 21

1.1
Muckrakers

Accepted Answer

Investigative journalists during the Progressive Era who exposed corruption, scandal, and other wrongdoing in business, government, and society

Question 22

1.1
Philanthropists
Rockefeller

Accepted Answer

Gave away $500 million
Rockefeller Foundation gave funds to University of Chicago and a medical institute that helped cure yellow fever

Question 23

1.1
Philanthropists
Carnegie

Accepted Answer

Donated 90% of his wealth

CH 15 1.1

studying

Question	Answer
1.1 Pacific Railway Acts in 1862	1st transcontinental railroad accelerating industrialization railroads; first big buisness
1.1 Union Pacific Railroad	Built westward from Omaha, Nebraska. Employed many Irish immigrants and Civil War veterans.
1.1 Central Pacific Railroad	Built eastward from Sacramento, California. Chinese immigrants - 90% of workers
1.1 Railroad Challenges?	Harsh weather; snow; heat Dangerous working conditions; environmental and accidents Conflicts with native tribes
1.1 George Pullman	Created a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other RxR cars on Illinois prairie nearby town; housing, shops, churches, & services Controlled by the company; WAGE SLAVERY
1.1 Robber Barons	successful industrialists whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical.
1.1 Robber Barons Actions:	Paid little attention to customers or competitors Ruined, suppressed, and exploited workers Used intimidation, violence, corruption, conspiracies, and fraud Bought and sold politicians Monopolized industries through trusts
1.1 Munn v. Illinois	the government's right to regulate private industries that impact the public interest
1.1 Interstate Commerce Act	a commission to investigate complaints and sue companies that violated its regulations.
1.1 Carnegie’s Empire Henry Bessemer Process	Technique that involved blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities and mass-produce steel
1.1 Carnegie’s Empire Andrew Carnegie	Left the PA RxR and entered the steel business By 1899, the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories of Great Britain
1.1 Vertical Integration	A company’s taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product
1.1 Horizontal Integration	The merging of companies that make similar products
1.1 Social Darwinism and Business Charles Darwin	Introduced the theory of biological evolution through natural selection. Key idea: “Survival of the fittest.”
1.1 Social Darwinism	Philosophers and economists applied Darwin’s ideas to society and economics. Belief that the strong (wealthy, powerful, successful) naturally rise to the top. The weak (poor, less successful) fail because of their own shortcomings.
1.1 Laissez-faire	“allow to do” → government should NOT interfere in the economy.
1.1 Laissez-faire explained:	Social Darwinists argued that government regulation (like helping the poor or regulating business) interfered with natural competition. Supported by advocates of big business during the Gilded Age.
1.1 Oil Tycoon Edwin Drake	Drake used an old steam engine to power the drill.
1.1 Oil Tycoon John D. Rockefeller	Owner of the Standard Oil Company Merged competing companies in trust agreements Stockholders gave their stocks to the Trustees and were given dividends of profit in return
1.1 Ida Tarbell	Wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company Revealed the illegal means used by Rockefeller to monopolize the early oil industry.
1.1 Muckrakers	Investigative journalists during the Progressive Era who exposed corruption, scandal, and other wrongdoing in business, government, and society
1.1 Philanthropists Rockefeller	Gave away $500 million Rockefeller Foundation gave funds to University of Chicago and a medical institute that helped cure yellow fever
1.1 Philanthropists Carnegie	Donated 90% of his wealth

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