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CHAPTER 10
child development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Disposition | the general mood of a person |
| Emotions | thoughts that lead to feelings and causes changes to the body |
| Temperament | inherited tendency to react in a certain way |
| High-reactive infants | react to anything new with caution and can become easily physically agitated and distressed |
| Low-reactive infants | tend to be sociable and bold |
| Attachment | closeness between people that remains overtime |
| Attachment behaviors | actions one person demonstrates to another person to show closeness |
| Anxiety | fear of a possible future event |
| Separation Anxiety | fear that loved ones who leave them with another caregiver will not return |
| Age-appropriate behaviors | proper or expected ways to express emotions at certain ages |
| Co-regulation | soothing the baby to aid him or her to calm down |
| Unconditional love | deep affection without limitations |
| Self-awareness | understanding of him or herself as a unique person |
| Three aspects of social-emotional development | 1) Some people have a more cheerful disposition than others 2) Social interactions with family members, friends, schools, etc. 3) Ways people express feelings through emotions |
| Briefly summarize Jerome Kagan's findings about a child's temperament | -Believes temperament is inherited and very noticeable by three months of age -(Example) Some children inherit genes to make them overexcited, while others can be more easy going |
| Explain the concept: Serve and return | -positive interactions between babies and their caregivers -babies understand messages by caregivers talk, look, and hold -they send signals back by cries, coos, and smiles |
| Explain the difference between bonding and attachment | Bonding: -Parents to the baby, begins soon after birth, through closeness Attachment: -Baby to the parents, babies needs are met, realized after 6 months, developmental |
| Describe the 1-month attachment behaviors | -newborns recognize familiar and unfamiliar voices -turns to familiar voices |
| Describe the 2 weeks to 2 months attachment behaviors | -baby smiles |
| Describe the 3-months attachment behaviors | -responds to joyful sounds and movements -may laugh |
| Describe the 4-6 month attachment behaviors | -engages in more turn-taking games -begins to show preference for familiar people -becomes still and has shallow breathing with unfamiliar people |
| Describe the 7-12 month attachment behaviors | -strong preference for primary caregivers -cries with strangers nearby -cries when left alone to bring caregivers back (object permanence) |
| Explain how children under the age of one express love | -become attached -need loved ones even more when afraid or upset |
| Explain how children under the age of one express fear | -occurs truly around six months -three types of fear: fear of the unknown, fear learned from direct experiences and fear learned from adult experiences |
| Explain how children under the age of one express anxiety | -separation anxiety begins around 8-10 months (crying in anticipation) -2 year olds separation anxiety is faded |
| Explain how children under the age of one express anger | -infant rage precedes true anger (when babies are distressed they may swing their arms and legs, turn red, or cry loudly) -true anger develops around 8-10 months -shows anger when being changed, in confined spaces, cannot reach toy, or needs are not met |
| Describe the conflict that infants must resolve in the first stage of Erickson's psychosocial theory | Trust vs. Mistrust -key part of social development -affects how they interact with others -two key factors (consistent environment and basic needs are met promptly) -respect baby's temperament |
| Explain the concept "goodness of fit" between a parents personality and the child's temperament | Child's temperament matches the parents ideal |
| Explain the need for co-regulation | -children cannot calm themselves down like adults (a learned skill) -may have problems with self-regulation later in life without it |
| Explain an infant's development of self-awareness in hand regard | -gaze at hands for hours (brain is processing sight and sensation) -learns hands are parts of the body |
| Explain an infant's development of self-awareness in cause and effect | -learns how their movements affect other objects -discoveries the aches which objects are part of themselves and which is not |
| Explain an infant's development of self-awareness in name recognition | -recognizes name by 4 months -positive feelings when name is called in a happy moment |
| Explain an infant's development of self-awareness in recognition of body parts | -during the second half of the first year -learns to touch body parts upon request (finds the same parts on other people and stuffed animals) |
| Explain an infant's development of self-awareness in mirror play | -calling infants image by name is helpful -put baby in front of mirror to eat, change, or move around -enjoys mirrors on toys |
| Explain an infant's development of self-awareness in object possession | -possessive with toys towards the end of the first year (encouraged) -must possess things before they can share -help by asking questions including their name (ex: where is ____'s toy?) |
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