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Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a pharynx? | The Pharynx is a passageway for moving air to the lungs and food to the esophagus. |
| What are early signs of hypoxemia? | Agitation, Anxiety, Changes in LOC, Disorientation, Headaches, Irritability, Restlessness, Tachypnea |
| What are late signs of hypoxemia? | Bradycardia, Cardiac Arrythmias, Cyanosis, Bradypnea, Retractions |
| What is a Common Cold | An inflammation of the nose and upper respiratory tract |
| How are colds spread? | Spread by droplet sprays during breathing, speaking, coughing, and sneezing |
| Signs/ Symptoms of Common Cold | Chill, Fatigue, Physical or emotional stress, a compromised immune status, allergic rhinitis make one more susceptible to contracting an upper respiratory virus |
| What happens during URI/ Rhinitis | Usually starts with a mild sore throat or a hot, dry, prickly, sensation in the nose and back of the throat. |
| Signs/ Symptoms of URI/ Rhinitis | Congested nose with increased secretions, Eyes begin to water, Sneezing, Malaise, Irritating non productive cough, Muscle aches, Headaches, Low grade fever ( #< 101) Or no elevated temperature |
| How long does URI/ Rhinitis occur | 7-11 days but it may take up to 14 days before all symptoms are gone |
| How long is URI/ rhinitis contagious for | Contagious for about 3 days after symptoms first appear |
| What does Antihistamines do as a treatment for URI/ Rhinitis | Relieve nasal congestion, sneezing and hives. 1st Gen: Sedating or stimulation, urinary retention constipation (Benadryl, Dimetane,Clemastine) 2nd Gen: Non sedating, no affect on urination (Zyrtec, Allegra, Claritin, Xyzal) |
| What does steroids do as treatment for URI/ Rhinitis | Inhibits inflammatory response Systemic (Prednisone) Inhaled (Flonase, Nasacort) use daily SE: Nose bleeds |
| What does mast cell stabilizers do as treatment for URI/ Rhinitis | Prevent inflammatory reactions (Nasalcrom) |
| What does decongestants do as treatment for URI/ Rhinitis | Reduce nasal edema and rhinorrhea Spray: Afrin, SE: rebound nasal congestion Oral: Sudafed- caution in patients with hypertension cardiac diseases, glaucoma |
| What does Intranasal histamines do as treatment for URI/ Rhinitis | Azelastine (Astelin) Inhibits release of of histamines; can be sedating Do not use in patients with glaucoma, BPH, |
| What does Intranasal anticholinergic agents do as treatment for URI/ Rhinitis | Reduces nasal congestion (Ipratropium (Atrovent) SE: Nosebleeds, Throat Irritation |
| What does Saline Nasal Sprays and Rinses do as treatment for URI/ Rhinitis | Wash away pollen and dust, Thin secretions, and soothes the nasal mucosa |
| Nursing Management for URI/ Rhinitis | A major goal in the care of a common cold is prevention of a secondary bacterial infection ( Avoid contact with others to prevent contracting or spreading viral infection) - Increase oral fluids (Citrus Juices - Vit C) - Rest |
| What are complementary and alternative therapies for URI/ Rhinitis | Echinacea; Goldenseal; combination of herbs, minerals, vitamins and amino acids |
| What is Sinusitis | Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the sinuses |
| What causes Sinusitis | Infection that has spread from the nasal passages to the sinuses and blockage of normal sinus drainage routes - Pneumococci, Streptococci, or Haemophilus Influenzae Deviated septum or nasal polyps can contribute to blockage of the nasal passages |
| Symptoms of Sinusitis | Headache, Fever, Malaise or fatigue, Purulent drainage from the nose, Non-Productive cough (Sometimes) Upper teeth may become painful. Tenderness over the sinuses ( As exudate accumulates in the sinuses, pressure builds up causing considerable pain) |
| What is the goal of sinusitis treatment | Relieve pain,, promote sinus drainage, control infection, and prevent recurrence |
| Treatment for Sinusitis | Hot, moist packs over the sinus area; Meds to promote vasoconstriction, reduce swelling, & promote drainage; Decongestants, Increased fluids, Rest, reduced stress, a balanced diet and control of allergies can help prevent recurrence. Inhaling moist steam |
| What is Epistaxis | Nosebleed |
| Causes of Epistaxis | Blood disorders (Leukemia), Hypertension, Trauma, Tumors, Overuse of nasal sprays & street drug use (Snorting), Crusting, cracking or irritation of the mucus membrane, decreased humidity, excessive nose blowing, nose picking, |
| Symptoms of Epistaxis | Bleeding from the nose |
| How do you manage Epistaxis | Sit forward and apply direct pressure by pinching the nose just below the bone. Cold compresses. Cauterization: Packing or small balloon to stop the bleeding |
| What to do after stopping a nosebleed | Patient should rest quietly and avoid bending over Do not blow the nose, pick at it, or rub for 24 hours after nosebleed has stopped |
| What is Pharyngitis | Inflammation of the pharynx (Sore throat) |
| What causes Pharyngitis | By a virus, bacteria, or fungus; usually viral |
| What is the signs/ symptoms of of pharyngitis | Dry "scratchy" feeling in the back of throat; Mild fever, Headache, Malaise, Throat, tonsils, palate, and uvula may be involved and will be reddened |
| What is the treatment for uncomplicated viral pharyngitis | Rest, Warm Saline gargles ( 1/2- 1 tsp of table salt in a glass of warm water) Throat lozenges antiseptic sprays, Plenty of fluids, Mild analgesic for aches and pain |
| What is the treatment for bacterial pharyngitis | Antibiotic therapy (for streptococcus) |
| what is the treatment for chronic pharyngitis | diagnostic procedures to determine the underlying cause Humidification and filtering of environmental air |
| what is the treatment for fungal pharyngitis | Antifungal agent difficult to control if immunocompromised |
| What is laryngitis | Inflammation of the larynx |
| Signs/ Symptoms of Laryngitis | Diminished voice or hoarseness |
| Treatment for Laryngitis | Voice rest, Avoid whispering, avoid irritants ( Smoking, alcohol) Hydration, Humidifier, sometimes antibiotics and corticosteroids |
| What is Epiglottitis | Inflammatory condition; life threatening |
| What is the epiglottis | Small, leaf shaped sheet of elastic cartilage that protects the larynx and helps swallow |
| Who is the most at risk for epiglottitis | Children |
| Signs/ Symptoms |
Created by:
TishaAnn2018