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chemistry in anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space; can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas |
| Energy | is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion, has no mass and can only measure it by its effects on matter |
| Kinetic | energy in action |
| potential | stored (inactive) energy |
| Chemical energy | Stored in bonds of chemical substances organic compounds (cell respiration) |
| Electrical energy | Results from movement of charged particles (ions) nervous system (action potential) |
| Mechanical energy | Directly involved in moving matter muscles (walking; pushups) |
| Radiant or electromagnetic energy | Travels in waves (example: heat, visible light, ultraviolet light, and X rays) |
| Energy form conversions | Energy may be converted from one form to another Energy conversion is inefficient Some energy is “lost” as heat, which can be partly unusable energy We use that energy to maintain our body temperature |
| Four elements make up 96% of body: | Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen 20 other elements make up the other 4% |
| Isotopes | Atoms contain same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons they contain Atomic numbers are same, but mass numbers different |
| Radioisotopes | isotopes that decompose to more stable forms As the unstable nucleus decays, radiation is emitted Can be detected and measured with scanners |
| Molecule | general term for 2 or more atoms bonded together |
| Compound | specific molecule that has 2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together |
| mixtures | two or more components that are physically intermixed and can be separated |
| Solutions | solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out, typically transparent |
| Solvent | substance that does the dissolving |
| Solute | substance dissolved in solvent |
| Colloids | solute particles are larger than a solution, do not settle out, typically cloudy |
| suspensions | solute particles are very large, settle out |
| Chemical bonds | “energy relationships” between electrons of reacting atoms, not actual physical structures |
| electron shells | Shells can hold only a specific number of electrons; the shell closest to nucleus is filled first |
| valence shell | outermost these are electrons that are involved in chemical reactions |
| Octet rule | Atoms desire 8 electrons in their valence shell which is the driving force behind chemical reactions Most atoms do not have full valence shells |
| Ionic bonds | Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons and become charged Ionic bonds involve the transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another, resulting in ions |
| anions | Atoms that gain electrons |
| cations | atoms that lose electrons |
| Covalent bonds | are formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons between two atoms; can be single, double, or triple |
| Nonpolar covalent bonds | Equal sharing of electrons between atoms Results in electrically balanced, nonpolar molecules such as CO2 |
| Polar covalent bonds | Atoms have different electron-attracting abilities, leading to unequal sharing |
| electronegative | Atoms wiExchangeth greater electron-attracting ability |
| electropositive | Atoms with less electron-attracting ability |
| Hydrogen bonds | Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule |
| Chemical reactions | occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken |
| Product | resulting chemical end products |
| reactants | substances entering into reaction together |
| Synthesis | together anabolic |
| decompisition | apart catabolic |
| Exchange reactions | involve both synthesis and decomposition |
| reduction-oxidation or redox reactions | Atoms are reduced when they gain electrons and oxidized when they lose electrons |
| Exergonic | reactions result in a net release of energy (give off energy); catabolic reactions |
| Endergonic | reactions result in a net absorption of energy (use up energy); anabolic reactions |
| Catalysts | increase the rate of reaction without being chemically changed or becoming part of the product |
| Enzymes | biological catalysts |
| Biochemistry | study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter |
| inorganic compounds | Water, salts, and many acids and bases Do not contain carbon bound to hydrogen |
| Organic compounds | Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids Contain carbon bound to hydrogen, are usually large, and are covalently bonded |
| High heat capacity | absorb and release heat with little temperature change; prevents sudden changes in temperature (homeostasis) |
| High heat of vaporization | evaporation requires large amounts of heat; useful cooling mechanism (sweating) |
| Polar solvent properties | dissolves and dissociates ionic substances (salts/ sugars/ amino acids in plasma) Body’s major transport medium |
| Reactivity | necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions |
| Cushioning | protects certain organs from physical trauma (ex. cerebrospinal fluid) |
| Salts | ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water |
| electrolytes | All ions are called electrolytes because they can conduct electrical currents in solution |
| Acids | proton donors: they release hydrogen ions (H+) |
| Bases | proton acceptors: they pick up H+ ions in solution |
| Acidic | have high [H+] but low pH Acidic pH range is 0–6.99 |
| neutral | solutions have equal numbers of H+ and OH– ions All neutral solutions are pH 7 Pure water is pH neutral |
| basic | solutions have low [H+] but high pH Alkaline pH range is 7.01–14 |
| Neutralization | acids and bases are mixed together make water and salt |
| Buffers | Buffers resist abrupt and large swings in pH Convert strong acids or bases (completely dissociated) into weak ones (slightly dissociated) Carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system: |
| oxygen | organic and inorganic production of ATP |
| carbon | component of all organic molecules |
| hydrogen | all organic molecules influences pH an body fluids |
| nitrogen | proteins and nucleic acids |
| calcium | salt in bone and teeth muscle contraction, nerve impulses, blood clotting |
| phosphorus | salt in bones and teeth ATP in nucleic acids |
| potassium | cation in cells muscle contraction, nerve impulses |
| sulfer | proteins muscles |
| sodium | extracellular fluids water balacne nerve impulses muscle contraction |
| chlorine | negative ion fluids |
| magnesium | bone metabolic reactions |
| iodine | make functional thyroid hormones |
| iron | hemoglobin enzymes |
Created by:
nataliemc16