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Evolution 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hardy-Weinberg Equations | p2+2pq+q2=1, p+q=1 |
| Hardy-Weinberg definition of evolution | a change in allele frequency within the gene pool of a population from one generation to the next. |
| Hardy-Weingberg equations describes the | genetic allele frequencies for a sexually reproducing population that is not evolving. |
| Assumptions that must be met for an organism to not be evolving. | 1. no mutations, 2. only sexual reproduction, 3. no gene flow in or out of population, 4. all mating is random, 5. no natural selection, 6. population size is infinite |
| Out of Africa migration started | 150k to 200k years ago |
| Percentage of all organisms that have ever existed that went extinct | 99 |
| 1st trail about evolution taught in school | Scope's Monkey Trial - Tennessee - 1925 |
| Case that made it unconstitutional to prohibit the teaching of evolution in school | Epperson v. Arkansas 1968 |
| Case that found that creationism is not science and cannot be taught in science class | McClean vs. Arkansas 1982 |
| Case that found that intelligent design is still creationism and not appropriate in science class | Kitzmiller vs. Dover 2005 |
| Fundamental concepts of evolution | 1. Populations evolve, not individuals. 2. More born than can survive (over production). 3. Variation in progeny. 4. Inheritance of that variation statistically more advantageous traits passed on through generations. 5. Based on random genetic mutation. |
| Random Genetic Mutation | Mutations can occur during replication, protein synthesis, reproduction, environmental pressures and exposures. |
| DNA Polymerase | enzyme that copies DNA strands |
| DNA Polymerase make a mistake 1 in every | 1k to 100million base pairs. |
| Do mutations provide design-like conscious directionality | no |
| Sources of Genetic Randomness | Genetic mutation, Mendelian lottery, Genetic Drift, Founder Effect, Genetic Bottleneck |
| What drives the process of evolution? | Mutation + Gene flow + Nonrandom mating + Genetic Drift + Natural Selection |
| The ultimate source of variation is __________________ | Mutation |
| Individual mutations are so rare that mutation alone doesn't usually change __________ frequency. | allele |
| Gene Flow | Very potent agent of change in which individuals or gametes move from one population to another. |
| Non Random Mating | Inbreeding is the most common form. It doesn't alter allele frequency but reduces the proportion of heterozygotes. |
| Does Genetic Drift happen in large populations or small populations? | Small |
| Evolution by accident = the shift of alleles within a population due to chance events that cause random samples of the population to reproduce or not. | Genetic Drift |
| Neutral evolution | where genetic changes occur without affecting an organism's fitness, primarily driven by random genetic drift rather than natural selection. |
| Gene flow | the flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes |
| Bottleneck Effect | occurs when only a few individuals survive some disaster or event and reduces variation in the gene pool of a population. |
| The genetic structure of the survivors becomes the genetic structure of the entire population, which may be very different from the pre-disaster population. | Bottleneck Effect |
| Founder Effect | Where some portion of a population leaves to start a new population in a new location or if a population gets divided by a physical barrier of some kind, genetic structure changes to match that of the new population’s founding fathers and mothers. |
| Founder Effect and the Bottleneck Effect are examples of | Genetic Drift |
| p2 = | frequency of AA genotype |
| 2pq = | frequency of Aa genotype |
| q2 = | frequency of aa genotype |
| p= | frequency of one allele (A) |
| q = | frequency of the other allele (a) |
| Drivers of speciation | 1. correlation between # of species & habitat. 2. Frequent environmental change and genetic mutation. 3. Decreases in competition. 4. Resource allocation. 5. Age of Earth. 6. Diversity often can = stability. |
| George Sinclair's grass experiments showed that (1826) | a greater diversity of grasses planted resulted in greater production of plant matter. |
| Sympatric speciation | when new species evolve from a single ancestral species while still living in the same geographic area, often due to behavioral or ecological differences |
| Allopatric speciation | when a population is geographically isolated, leading to the development of new species due to lack of gene flow. |
| Ostracod is an example of sympatric or allopatric speciation | Allopatric |
| Apple Maggot Flies = sympatric or allopatric speciation | Sympatric |
| Polyploidy | a condition in which an organism's cell contain more than 2 copies of a homologous chromosome. |
| Is polyploidy more common in plants or animals? | plants |
| What is Tremblay's salamander an example of? | Polyploidy |
| Reinforcement process in speciation | where natural selection increases the reproductive isolation between 2 populations of related species as a result of selection acting against the production of hybrid individuals with lower fitness. |
| Does reinforcement always happen? | No, it is a spectrum from none to max reinforcement |
| Character displacement = | evolutionary tendency where differences between similar species are greater when populations overlap (sympatric) and less when no overlap (allopatric). |
| 3 character displacement processes: | agonistic, ecological, reproductive |
| Interspecific interference - direct competition - is what type of character displacement? | Agonistic |
| Interspecific exploitative competition - indirect competition - is what type of character displacement? | Ecological |
| Cross-species mating is what type of character displacement | Reproductive |
| The spade foot toad is an example of | Disruptive selection |
| 3 modes of natural selection | Directional, Disruptive, Stabilizing |
| __________ selection removes extreme variants from the population and preserves intermediate types. | Stabilizing |
| Stabilizing selection reduces ___________ and tends to maintain the status quo for a particular trait. | variation. |
| _______________ selection occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range. | Directional |
| __________________ selection occurs when the population's environment changes or when members migrate to a new and different environment. | Directional |
| ________________ selection occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes over individuals with intermediate traits. | Disruptive |
| The individuals with intermediate traits in Disruptive selection have lower _____________ _______________. | relative fitness |
| The Peppered Moth and Galapagos Finches are examples of what type of selection? | Directional |
| Michigan eastern squirrels and snails are examples of what type of selection? | Disruptive |
| Human baby weight where babies with average weight are more likely to survive than those with low or high birth weight is an example of what type of selection | Stabilizing |
| If a species does not speciate, will it go extinct? | not necessarily |
| Living fossil | species that haven't changed for millions of years. |
| The horseshoe crab, which has not changed much in millions of years, is an example of a ______________ __________ | living fossil |
| The ginkgo tree, which has not changed much in millions of years, is an example of a _____________ ______________. | living fossil |
| Is the tuatara, a lizard, a possible example of a living fossil? | yes |
| Characteristics of fossilization | 1. hard parts 2. dead and slightly decomposed 3. covered very quickly 4. right amount of pressure, heat, and time 5. minerals replace tissue |
| How far back do horse fossils go? | 55 MYA |
| What feature of horse lineage was important in determining its evolution? | Hooves |
| What famous Darwin friend researched and lectured on horse evolution? | Thomas Huxely |
| How long did it take for elephants to develop tusks and trunks? | 60 MYA |
| The extinct Chesapecten jeffersonius is considered what kind of fossil? | index |
| What index species shows reptiles and birds have common ancestry? | Archeopteryx |
| What index species had both reptilian and mammalian jaw traits? | Diarthrognathus |
| What is the common ancestor of fish and amphibians? | lobbed fin fish |
| What transition species had the arm bones and skull of a salamander and a fish fin? | Tiktaalik |
| Was a T-Rex a predator or a scavenger? | Scavenger |
| In comparative anatomy what is analogous? | Different anatomical structures but evolved similarities due to similar functions. |
| In comparative anatomy what is homologous? | Similar anatomical structures but evolved for different functions. |
| Whales and dolphins are examples of ____________ that returned to the water. | mammals |
| Common ancestor of whales and dolphins which was a 4 legged mammal that lived on land? | Pakicetus |
| What are three types of evolution? | Divergent, Convergent, Parallel |
| Parallel evolution = | 2 related species arise from a common ancestor and evolve similarly probably in response to similar environmental selection pressures. |
| The N. American Rattlesnake and the African Sandpiper are examples of what type of evolution? | Parellel |
| Sharks, penguins, and dolphins all evolved into a torpedo like body shape due to _______________ evolution. | Convergent |
| Convergent evolution = | different species evolved a similar trait due to similar environmental conditions. |
| Flying insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats have independently evolved the useful capacity of flight which is an example of ___________ evolution | Convergent |
| Australian Marsupials and North American Placental mammals are examples of what kind of evolution? | Convergent |
| Anoles lizards that independently evolved on different Caribbean islands and have similar ecomorphs (body types) based on where they live were studied extensively by | J. Losos |
| Anoles are examples of _____________ evolution. | Convergent |
| Divergent evolution = | Genetically closely related but look very different. |
| Darwin's Finches is an example of ___________ evolution. | Divergent |
| Ostracods (bioluminescent in Caribbean, but not in the Pacific) who were separated when the continent divided millions of years ago is an example of _________ evolution. | Divergent |
| Vestigial structures = | ancestral trait still present but no longer used or no longer used for its original purpose. |
| What are the vestigial structures in whales? | leg and pelvis bones |
| What are the vestigial structures in giant constrictors? | pelvic spurs that used to be the pelvic bones which are now used in mating. |
| sexual dimorphism | differences in traits between male and female members of the same species, such as size, coloration, or body structure. |
| E. coli experiment by Lenski where they were starved and then feed for years demonstrated that _______________ ____________ induces evolution. | Selection pressure |
| Bacteria that show increasing resistance to antibiotics is an example of __________________ selection. | Directional |
| Human viral DNA code is most similar to ________________ | Chimpanzees |
| Similar endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in different species indicate a shared evolutionary history because they show evidence of _______________. | a viral infection that occurred in a common ancestor |
| Do humans and chimpanzees share ERVs? | yes |
| How do ERVs get into the genes of the host? | Iit can sometimes insert its DNA into the germ cells (sperm or eggs) of the host and the viral DNA will be passed down to all of that individual's offspring, and they will inherit the "scar" in the same location in their own genome. |
| ERVs are critical to what part of the reproductive structure in mammals? | Placenta |
| Atavism = | ancestral DNA codes for traits that are still in our genome but are no longer expressed. |
| What are some examples of atavistic genes that are normally turned off but turned on some humans creating traits not normal to humans? | extra finger or toes, a tail, |
| Flightless birds are examples of _________________. | Atavism |
| Cytochrome c | a protein found in the mitochondria of almost all eukaryotic cells. |
| The rate of change in the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c can act as a molecular clock to _______________________ | estimate divergence times between species. |
| Is DNA/molecular clock better than fossils at determining the true date of the origin of a species. | DNA |
| Who studied embryos at the time of Darwin to support evolution theory? | Ernst Haeckel |
| Haeckel believed in ______________________ which means that organisms walk through their evolutionary past as the develop as embryos. | Recapitulation |
| 2nd Law of thermodynamics, another evidence of evolution, states that | entropy (disorder) increases over time in a closed system. |
| Is earth a closed system? | no |
| What is the earliest hominid that we know of that lived 4.4 million years ago and shows human and ape like traits (ie opposable big toe)? | Ardipithecus |
| Paranthropus is a genus of extinct hominins known as robust australopithecines lived | 1.2 - 3.9 MYA |
| Lucy is part of what genus? | Australopithecus afarensis |
| What main feature of Australopithecus is similar to modern humans? | Walking on 2 feet. |
| When were Australopithecus alive | 4.4 MYA to 1.4 MYA |
| Hominids = | a family of primates known as the great apes, which includes modern humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans, along with their extinct ancestors. |
| When was homo Habilis alive | 2 MYA |
| Homo Habilis know as handy man because | it is associated with using tools |
| When was habitual bipedalism established in hominids? | 3 to 4 MYA |
| When was homo erectus alive? | 1.9 MYA |
| Homo erectus is known as the first human species to migrate out of _________ to __________ and ___________. | Africa, Asia, Europe |
| Our closest relative in the human family tree | Neanderthals |
| When were Neanderthals alive | 400k to 40k years ago |
| Neanderthals inhabited what areas | Parts of Europe and Asia |
| When did Homo sapiens first appear | 200k years ago. |
| Where is the origins of homonids | Horn of Africa - Chad, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania. |
Created by:
mbruzzano