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GENERAL LINGUISTICS
GL EXAM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When a word has no meaningful parts what does it consist of? p/s | Only a base form |
| What more complex words can be built up and by using what? p/s | Prefixes and suffixes |
| Which one goes before? p/s | Prefix |
| Which one goes after? p/s | Suffix |
| What are some different things that prefixes express? List at least 3 | The idea of not e.g. unwise, notion or degree e.g supermarket, reversing and action e.g. disconnect, going wrong e.g. malfunction, location e.g. transatlantic |
| What varies with prefixes? | Hyphen usage |
| What do prefixes and suffixes focus on? | Vocabulary |
| What are some different things that suffixes can express/do? List at least 3 | Change verbs into nouns e.gbreak --> breakage, make the meaning of a noun more abstract e.g. spoon --> spoonful, turn adjectives into adverbs quick --> quickly, turn adjectives into verbs --> modern --> modernize, turn nouns into adjectives hero -->heroic |
| Can prefixes and suffixes be used together? | Yes, bilingualism |
| True or false: Sometimes more than one prefix or suffix may be used in the same word e.g. unreturnable or nationalization | True |
| What is the job of inflections ? | The job of inflections is grammatical, showing how a word is being used in a sentence. |
| Can all words have inflections? | No e.g. the and on (ons and thes x) |
| What inflections can you add to nouns? (quantity) | "S" ending showing that there is more than one |
| Are there irregularities in the inflections that you can add to nouns? Give an example | Yes, e.g. mice |
| What inflections can you add to nouns? (possession) | The idea of belonging called the apostrophe s or more accurately the genitive inflection |
| What inflections you can add to verbs? (time before). What are some examples of irregularities? | Past time is expressed by adding an inflection to a verb as e.g. "I walked" with typical ed ending. irregular: I ran, I said |
| What inflections you can add to verbs? (time now). | Another verb inflection could signal action in progress by "ing" ending e.g. "im drinking" |
| What inflections you can add to verbs? (who is carrying out the action) | Adding s --> I run, you run, they run but she runs etc.. |
| What inflections you can add to verbs? (contractions) | N't addition (They weren't / They aren't) |
| What inflections can you add to adjectives/adverbs? (comparison) comparative | "er" and "est" ending --> green, greener, greenest |
| What inflections can you add to pronouns? f | Change their form in different parts of the sentence Not I saw he but I saw him |
| What can we say about the ending of these words? Floated, described, numbered (inflection) | The inflection is regular. |
| What can we say about the ending of these words? said, did, done, has, is, was, were, been (inflection) | The inflection is irregular |
| What is important to note about words (lost) (s & p) | Some words change their spelling or pronunciation when you add a suffix e.g. e in argue lost in argument. |
| What are compound words? | Two base forms have been joined together e.g. armchair |
| True or false: hyphen usage varies with compound words? | Yes true |
| What can compound words be found with? | Prefixes and suffixes e.g. minimotorbike and homesickness |
| Can one of the elements of a compound word be shortened? | Yes, e.g bio --> biodate, biotechnology |
| How many groups can nouns be divided into? | 6 |
| What is the first division of nouns? | Proper and common |
| What is the second division of nouns? Common into what? | Common into count and noncount |
| What is the third division of nouns? Count and noncount into what and what? | Count --> abstract and concrete and noncount into abstract and concrete |
| True or false most proper nouns do not appear in a dictionary? | True |
| What is one example of a noun that can either be common or proper? | The moon |
| What are count nouns? | Individual units you can count such as books, eggs, and horses |
| Whare noncount nouns? | Nouns that refer to things or concepts which cannot be thought of as a collection of seperate units such as butter, music, and advice |
| What cant count nouns do that noncount can? | Stand alone in singular --> Book is red and Music is fun |
| What do count nouns allow? | Count nouns allow a plural whereas noncount do not |
| What do count occur with in singular? And noncount? What can they both occur with? | A, some, The |
| What do concrete nouns refer to? | Things whose dimensnions can be plotted and measured such as book, referee, dog, butter, and windmill |
| What do abstract nouns refer to? | General ideas or qualities such as kindness, difficulty, condition, speed, and truth. |
| How many cases does english have? | 2 so A common case with no inflectional ending and the genitive |
| With regular singular nouns where does the apostrophe go? | Before the s |
| With regular plural nouns where does the apostrophe go? | After the s |
| What should you note for irregular plural nouns | Spelling changes and simply adding an s e.g. men's room and children's |
| What is the chief meaning of the genitive case? | Possession |
| Whats another way of expressing genitive meanings? | Of |
| Which type of nouns tend to take the genitive ending? | Personal nouns |
| Which type of nouns tend to take the of ending? | Inanimate nouns |
| What is the main verb? e.g. must have been jumping | The verb that expresses most of the meaning of the verb phrase, telling you what the verb phrase is about e.g. in the phrase must have been jumping each word contributes something to the meaning but jumping contributes most of all. E.g. run, go, look, |
| What is the helping/auxiliary verb? e.g. must have been jumping | A verb that helps the main verb to express the important nuances of meaning such as the time in which an action took place. |
| Are there many auxiliary verbs? | No |
| Which three forms can be both auxiliary or main? | Be, have, and do |
| Which four important suffixes are used to form verbs from nouns or adjectives typically? | ate, ify, en, ize |
| How many auxiliary verbs are there? | A dozen |
| What can the auxiliary verb express? | The time and nature of an action |
| What are the remaining 9 verbs called? What do they do/express? | Modal verbs - reflect our judgement or mood and truth and is all to do with possibilities and probabilities such as whether something is intentional, likely, or necessary -- can, may, will, shall, must, could, might, would, should |
| Do the modal verbs have a full range of forms? | No |
| What do could, would, should, and might also express? | Politeness or tentativeness |
| Which type of verb can be used before the negative word not -- n't? | Auxiliary verbs - main verbs cannot |
| Complete the sentence: The first _____ can go before the subject in order to ask a question | Auxiliary verbs - main verbs cannot |
| What are the most common duos of multi-word verbs? Give some examples | Verb with attached preposition or adverb. Come back, get off, drink up, etc |
| What is another feature/thing of multi-word verbs? | Some are with a fixed structure and have to be learnt as idioms; take pride in, make a mess of, take notice of, etc |
| Do multi word verbs act as the V element in a clause? Why? | Yes, because they are one single unit of meaning -- we dont sit then down we sit down and if you replace them with a single verb with the same meaning and it still works it exactly demonstrates this |
| What is a pronoun? | A pronoun is a word that stands in for a noun or a whole noun phrase or even several noun phrases. You can also use pronouns to refer directly to what is going on in the real world. |
| Which pronouns are most common and what is the chief job of it? | Personal ones, to identify the people involved in an act of communication |
| What does first person refer to? | I, mine, me, myself // we, us, our, ours, ourselves |
| What does second person refer to? | you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves |
| What does third person refer to? | he, him, his, himself (also feminine equivalent) it, its, itself, they them, their, theirs, themselves |
| What are demonstrative pronouns? | They express a contrast between near and distant from the speaker: this, that, these, those |
| What are possessive pronouns? | Pronouns that express ownership: mine, hers, yours, his, its, ours, theirs |
| When do possesive pronouns change their form? | When they are a determiner |
| What are reflexive pronouns? | Always end in self or selves and their job is to reflect the meaning of a noun or pronoun elsewhere in the clause |
| What are interrogative pronouns? | Pronouns that ask questions about the noun: Who, whom, whose, which, what |
| What are indefinite pronouns? | Express a less specific meaning, including quantity words such as each, much, many, few, some, any, none, and one. Often used in formal contexts and can be followed by of. |
| What compound words can also be indefinite pronouns? | Someone, anybody and everyone |
| What are relative pronouns? | Pronouns used within the noun phrase with their job being to link a particular kind of clause to the head noun of the phrase and include who, whom, whose, which, and that. They enable you to relate/link the two clauses E.g. thats the child who was crying |
| What are adjectives? | Words which single out some feature or quality of a noun or pronoun |
| How many ways can an adjective behave? And what are all these ways? | 4; before a noun, on its own as a complement, preceded by an intensifying word such as very, and it can be compared |
| How many ways can it be compared? And what are all these ways? Adjective | 3 ways; To a lower degree: less or least, To the same degree: as, To a higher degree: er, est, more, or most |
| True or false: Its not possible to have both forms work with select adjectives. | False some can take both e.g. the road is narrower and the road is more narrow |
| What are the er and more forms? | Comparative forms |
| What are the est and most forms? | Superlative forms |
| Are there exceptions to this? (adjectives order) | Yes e.g. the adjective can appear after the noun e.g me included / anything useful |
| Are there exceptions to this? (adjectives well-known) | Yes e.g. when referring to well known stuff such as The French, into the unknown, the innocent |
| Are there exceptions to this? (adjectives object) | Yes whem complementing an object e.g. He made Joan happy, I pushed the door open |
| Are there exceptions to this? (adjectives clause) | Yes, an adjective can even be a clause on its own, leaving out the subject and verb e.g. Remarkable! |
| What is one of the 3 chief types of adverbs? (clause) | Clause element e.g. We're travelling tomorow |
| What is one of the 3 chief types of adverbs? (extra) | Extra force e.g. she spoke very anxiously e.g. hardly visible |
| What is one of the 3 chief types of adverbs? (connect) | Used to connect clauses and sentences e.g. I was unwell, so I stayed in bed |
| What is most common ending adverbs? | Ly |
| Are there some that dont have a suffix at all and also ones that are compound adverbs? | Yes. E.g only and nevertheless |
| What voice is this clause in? The dog chased the cat | Active voice |
| What voice is this clause in? The cat was chased by the dog | Passive voice |
| What is the point/purpose of passive usage? | To give an impersonal voice or when you dont want to say who did something |
| Is passive typically used in speech? | No, active is typically used. |
| What is a sentence with only one clause called? | A simple sentence |
| What is a sentence with more than one clause called? | A multiple sentence |
| What is the first element in a sentence and what is its chief job? | Subject, to identify the topic of the clause |
| What is the second element in a sentence and what is its chief job? | Verb, to express a wide range of meanings such as actions, sensations or states of being |
| What is the third element in a sentence and what is its chief job? | Object, to identify who or what has been directly affected by the verbs action. |
| What is the fourth element in a sentence and what is its chief job? | Complement, to give extra information about the subject or object |
| What is the fifth element in a sentence and what is its chief job? | Adverbial, to add extra information about the situation, telling us where an action took place, or where, or how. |
| What are the seven basic clause patterns? | S+V, S+V+O, S+V+C, S+V+A, S+V+O+O, S+V+O+C, S+V+O+A |
| What is considered the most important in a clause? | The verb |
| What are verbs that can stand alone with a subject called? | Intransitive verbs |
| What are verbs that cant stand alone with a subject and have to have an object called? | Transitive verbs |
| Do some other verbs need more than an object? | Yes, e.g. putting |
| Morpheme? | Meaning |
| Phoneme? | Sound |
| True or false: sentences can be any length? | True |
| Nouns? | Person, place, or thing as well as procceses and concepts and animals |
| How do you know if it is a noun? (two words) | Can come directly under the influence of a word a or the |
| How do you know if it is a noun? (importance) | It acts as the most important word in a noun phrase e.g. the big house** on the hill |
| How do you know if it is a noun? (suffix s/p) | It can take a suffix singular and plural |
| How do you know if it is a noun? (suffix genitive) | It can take a suffix to express possession e.g. children's toy's |
| "To do ones duty" in latin? | Pietas |
| What is another name for the base form of a verb? | Infinitive form |
| What are the four regular verb endings? | Infinitive, s form, ing form, ed form |
| What is a participle? | Can be used either as a verb or in an adjective like way. He is racing --> The house has a racing track |
| Dialect | a regional variety of language distinguished by features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from other regional varieties and constituting together with them a single language |
| Sociolects | a variety of a language that is used by a particular social group |
| What does ... and - express? | That as sentence is unfinished |
| Where might there not be punctuation marks? | In headlines, road signs, and public notices |
| Where might you find irregular sentences? | notices, headlines, labels, or where it is presented as a block of text |
| What are frozen sentences? | Ones that have to be learned as a whole because their parts cannot be altered e.g. god save the queen |
| What is an example of a coordinating conjunction? | and |
| What is an example of a subordinating conjunction? | because and if? |
| What is an example of a subordinate clause? | I missed the start of the show...because the train was late |
| Accent? | the way in which people in a particular area, country, or social group pronounce words: |
| Given name? Latin | Praenomen |
| Surname? | Nomen gentile |
| Cogonomen? | Third name/nickname |
| Three names? | Tria nomina |
| Father? | Pater familia |
| When did Roman women marry? | 12-16 |
| Mother? | Mater familia |
| What did roman women spend most of their adult lives in? When did they die typically? | A more or less state of constant pregnancy - 30ies |
| How many children died before the age of 5? What was the ideal number of children? | 1/2, 2-3 |
| Example of adopted son heir? | Emperor Augustus |
| Does English have ways of distinguishing between animate (living) and inanimate (non-living) entities? | Yes |
| What are personal nouns? | People |
| What are non-personal nouns? | Animals |
| What do we use for personal nouns? | He, she, who |
| What do we use for non-personal nouns? | It and which |
| What is a preposition? | Shows how two parts of a clause are related in meaning |
| What was rome refered to? | A slave society |
| How did Romans get their slaves? | captured on campaigns abroad, bought in neighbouring countries, and poor romans might sell their unwanted children and some even bred their own slaves |
| Who were preffered as sheperds, and who as teachers? | Celts, greeks |
| How much did an ordinary slave cost? | about a years worth of wages |
| How about a skilled greek teacher? | 200 times more |
| City slaves? | Familia urbana - often worked in masters house or shop though only paid artisans cause they made a nice profit |
| Country slaves? | Familia rustica - working all day in the fields or mines |
| Inhabitants Latin | Denziens |
| Apartment latin? How many floors? | Insula 5/6 |
| City house? | Domus |
| Shops at front of house? | Tabernae |
| Narrow corridor? | Vestibulum |
| Living room? | Atrium |
| Basin? | Impluvium |
| Small rooms? | Cubicula |
| Dining room? | Triclinium |
| Fathers office? | Tablinum |
| The way of the ancestors? | Mos maiorum |
| Market square? | Fora/Forum |
Created by:
Emma awesome