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bsci exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | all living organisms are made of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells |
| Electron microscope | instrument that uses a focused beam of electrons instead of light to magnify biological specimens |
| Micrograph | a photograph or digital image of a specimen that is magnified by a microscope |
| Surface area to volume ratios | higher ratio -->the efficient exchange of nutrients and waste between an organism and its environment |
| Cell size | the dimensions or physical extent, including volume, of a cell |
| Which cells have cell walls | plants, bacteria, fungi, algae, and some protists |
| Extracellular matrix | complex network of non-cellular components that surrounds and supports cells in tissues and organs |
| Cytoskeleton—microtubules, actin/microfilaments, and intermediate filaments | Microfil- Maintain cell shape and provide rigidity. Enable cell movement Intermediate filaments- Provide structural support and mechanical strength., Bear tension and resist stress. Microtub- Act as "tracks" for the movement of organelles |
| Cilia and Flagella | hair-like projections from a cell's surface that aid in movement or the transport of substances |
| Nuclear envelope, pores, nucleolus | Nuclear envelope- double membrane that separates the contents of the cell nucleus from the cytoplasm Nuclear pores- protein-lined channels that perforate the nuclear envelope Nucleolus- dense structure inside the nucleus. |
| Ribosomes | complex molecular machine found in all living cells that is responsible for protein synthesis |
| Golgi apparatus | membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport |
| Lysosomes | membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic animal cells that contains powerful digestive enzymes to break down waste materials, cellular debris |
| Vesicles and Vacuoles | membrane-bound sacs in cells, but vesicles are small and used for transport by fusing with other membranes |
| Chloroplasts | organelle in plant AND algal cells. uses chlorophyll to capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy |
| Mitochondria | double-membraned organelles in eukaryotic cells that are responsible for generating most of the cell's supply of ATP through a process called cellular respiration |
| Plasma membrane—phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol; fluid mosaic | Phospholipid- have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail Proteins- transporting stuff across membrane, and providing structural support Cholesterol- high temp prevents the membrane from becoming too fluid, low temp prevents from solidifying |
| Integral proteins- channel and carrier proteins, transmembrane | Integral proteins- permanently embedded in the phospholipid bilayer Channel proteins- facilitate the passive transport of specific ions or molecules Carrier proteins-bind to specific molecules and change shape to transport them across the membrane |
| Peripheral proteins | a type of membrane protein that are attached to the surface of the cell membrane, rather than embedded within it |
| Selectively permeable | the property of a membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through while blocking others |
| Concentration gradient | region where the concentration of a substance changes, meaning there is a difference between a high and low concentration area |
| Diffusion | the natural, passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Osmosis | movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration |
| Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic | Hypertonic-higher concentration of solutes than the cell. The cell shrinks. Isotonic- same concentration of solutes as the cell, does not change in size Hypotonic- lower concentration of solutes than the cell, cell may swell and burst |
| Rate of diffusion | the speed at which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Passive transport—simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion | |
| Active transport | cellular process of moving molecules or ions across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, requiring ATP |
| Chemical reaction terms… Anabolic/ Catabolic Endergonic/ Exergonic Not spontaneous/ Spontaneous Condensation/ Hydrolysis ΔG positive / negative Reduction/ Oxidation | |
| Activation energy | |
| Energy—Kinetic, Potential | |
| Exocytosis and Endocytosis | |
| Cell responses | |
| Receptors and locations | |
| Signaling types—juxtacrine, paracrine, autocrine, hormonal | |
| Steps of cell signaling (In order) | reception, transduction, transcription, and response |
| Signal transduction | |
| Ligand | |
| Stimulus-Response | |
| First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics | |
| Entropy | |
| Heat as not useful form of energy? | |
| ATP--what it is, how it drives cell work, how it can cycle -Redox reactions: Reduction – Oxidation, LEO goes GER or OIL RIG | |
| Electron Carriers—NADH, FADH2 | |
| Enzymes—what they are, what they do, how they do it, how they can be denatured | |
| Ribozymes | |
| Substrate | |
| Active site | |
| Enzyme inhibitors—competitive and noncompetitive | |
| Allosteric site and activation | |
| Cellular respiration | |
| ATP synthase | |
| Stages of cell respiration—where occur, output of each part | |
| Purpose of oxygen, proton gradient, ATP synthase, electrons | |
| Fermentation—when used, by which cells, how ATP generated, byproducts | |
| Photosynthesis | |
| Autotrophs or Producers vs. Heterotrophs or Consumers | |
| Chloroplasts: thylakoids, chlorophyll (pigment) | |
| Stages of photosynthesis—where occur, reactants and products, NADPH | |
| Photosystems | |
| Carbon fixation | |
| Rubisco |
Created by:
Ostout