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Med - Surg
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chapter 1 - Summary of Key Ideas | - Nurses are responsible for assuming an active role in developing a body of nursing knowledge - Evidence-based practice (EBP) allows nurses to use the best research evidence available in making clinical decisions - Nursing has its own unique body of kn |
| Empirical Data | Documented evidence (data) gathered through direct observation rather than a researcher's subjective belief |
| Nursing Research | A systematic process of investigating problems to gain knowledge about improving care that nurses provide |
| Nursing Science | The body of knowledge that is unique to the discipline of nursing |
| Qualitative Research | An approach for generating knowledge using methods of inquiry that emphasize subjectivity and the meaning of an experience for the individual |
| Quantitative Research | An approach for generating knowledge based on determining how much of a given behavior, characteristic, or phenomenon is present |
| Replication | The ability of researchers to repeat a study using the same variables and methods or slight variations of them |
| Research Consumer | A reader of nursing research whose objective is applying findings to nursing practice or using the findings to conduct further research |
| Research Team | A group that collaborates to conduct a research project, from determining the initial research question through communicating the results |
| Rigor | Striving for excellence in research, which involves discipline, scrupulous adherence to detail, and strict accuracy |
| Scientific Inquiry | The process of critically analyzing data that have been gathered systematically about a phenomenon |
| Scientific Method | A systematic research process that involves the following steps: selecting and defining the problem, formulating research questions or hypotheses or both, collecting data, analyzing data, and reporting results |
| Triangulation | Use of quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data about a particular phenomenon |
| Ways of knowing | An assortment of methods used to acquire new knowledge, including tradition, authority, trial and error, and intuition |
| Evidence-based Practice | Problem-solving approach to the delivery of health care that integrates the best evidence from well-designed studies (i.e., external evidence) with patients' preferences and values and the clinician's expertise, which includes internal evidence gathered f |
| Quality Improvement | Systematic and continuous actions that lead to measurable improvement in health-care services and the health status of targeted patient groups |
| Research | Systematic investigation, including research development, testing, and evaluation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge |
| Scholarship of application | Rigor and use of disciplinary expertise with results that can be shared with and/or evaluated by peers |
| Scholarship of discovery | First domain of Boyer's model referring to pursuit of scientific inquiry and search of new knowledge |
| Scholarship of integration | Synthesis of information across disciplines that makes connections and shapes a more coherent and integrated use of knowledge |
| Scholarship of teaching | Systematic study of teaching and learning processes |
| Chapter 2 - Summary of Key Ideas | Boyer produces a model of scholarship that includes scholarship of discovery, scholarship of integration, scholarship of application, and scholarship of teaching - Graduates of research-focused programs in nursing (PhD degree) prepare researchers to gen |
| Anonymity | A condition in which the identity of subjects remains unknown, even to the researcher; to protect subjects participating in a study and to promote objective results |
| Applied research | A type of study designed to gather knowledge that has direct clinical application |
| Basic Research | A type of study designed to develop the knowledge base and extend theory without direct focus on clinical application |
| Confidentiality | Protecting data that are gathered or learned from patients by not disclosing information without those patients' permission |
| Correlational research | A type of non-experimental study designed to examine the relationship between and among variables |
| Cross-sectional research | A study that collects data at a particular point in time and does not require follow-up |
| Descriptive Research | A type of non-experimental study designed to provide a knowledge base when little is known about a phenomenon; used to describe variables rather than to test a predicted relationship. |
| Experimental Research | A study in which the researcher manipulates and controls one or more variables and observes the effect on one or more other variables |
| Human Rights | The protection of subjects participating in a research study; includes the right to freedom from injury, the right to privacy and dignity, and the right to anonymity and confidentiality |
| Longitudinal Research | A study that follows a cohort of subjects and collects data over time |
| Nonexperimental Research | A descriptive study that does not exhibit a great amount of control over variables |
| Prospective Research | A study that examines data collected in the present |
| Retrospective Research | A study that examines data collected in the past |
| Risk-benefit Ratio | The relationship between potential harm to subjects and potential positive outcomes gained by participating in a research study; an evaluation used by subjects to make voluntary informed consent |
| Vulnerable Research Participant | Those persons who are incapable of protecting their own interests and unable to provide meaningful informed consent |
| Chapter 3 - Summary of Key Ideas | - The research process is a decision-making process - The five general phases of the research process are selecting and defining the problem, selecting a research design, collecting data, analyzing data, and using research findings - Research studies ar |
| ACP Journal Club | The ACP Journal Club provides up-to-date evidence-based clinical information relevant to medicine and related sub-specialties as a monthly feature in Annals of Internal Medicine |
| Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) | The AHRQ has promoted evidence-based practice through the establishment of 12 evidence-based practice centers. |
| Background Questions | Questions focusing on basic or general knowledge about a condition and/or disorder |
| AIDSLINE | Indexes literature on HIV infections and AIDS |
| Boolean Operators | Words used to connect or exclude keywords in a search, resulting in more focused results |
| CANCERLIT | The largest and most in-depth nursing and allied health database |
| Clinical Key | A database that provides full-text access to textbooks, journal articles, practice guidelines, patient education handouts, and drug awareness material |
| ClinicalTrials.gov | The largest registry of clinical trials run by the National Library of Medicine, providing patients, family members, health-care professionals, researchers, and the public with easy access to information on publicly and privately supported clinical studie |
| Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | One of the most popular databases is The Cochrane Library, which reviews and summarizes individual clinical trials and systematic reviews from more than 100 medical journals. |
| Cochrane Library | An electronic library designed to make available evidence needed for informed health-care decisions. |
| Embase (Exerta Medica Database) | A biomedical, life science, and pharmacological database produced by Elsevier. |
| Evidence-based medicine (EBM) | The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. The practice of EBM means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from |
| Evidence-based practice (EBP) | The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of theory-derived, research-based information in making decisions about care delivery to individuals or groups of patients and in consideration of individual needs and preferences. |
| Foreground Questions | Questions focusing on specific knowledge to inform clinical decisions or actions |
| Gray Literature | Unpublished evidence that has not been included in databases frequently seen in commercial or academic publishing |
| HealthSTAR | Focus on both clinical and nonclinical aspects of health-care delivery |
| Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria | Specific conditions that determine what evidence is retained and which evidence is discarded |
| InfoPOEMS (Patient Oriented Evidence that Matters) | A database that, like the ACP Journal Club, reviews and provides commentary on recent articles |
| Knowledge-focused Triggers (new knowledge triggered by an article or video or book). | Ideas that emerge from staff when they read, listen to research presentations, or encounter EBP guidelines by federal agencies or specialty organizations |
| MEDLINE | The largest searchable database covering medicine, health, and biomedical research |
| Meta-analysis | A statistical method that combines the results of many research studies in a specific area and synthesizes their findings to draw conclusions regarding the state of the science in an area of focus |
| National Guideline Clearinghouse | Provides a collection of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. |
| PICOT | Five elements (P-patient/population, I-intervention, C-comparison, O-outcome, T-time frame) that provide structure when writing clinical questions |
| Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) | PRISMA flow diagrams assist researchers in reporting results of systemic reviews and meta-analysis and in capturing essential information associated with the search strategy |
| Problem-focused triggers | Ideas that emerge from staff in the context of clinical practice by examining quality-improvement data, risk-surveillance data, benchmarking data, or a recurrence of a clinical problem. |
| Research Utilization | The process by which knowledge generated from research becomes incorporated into clinical practice |
| Systematic Review | A rigorous and orderly process of collecting and reviewing literature to answer a specific clinical question |
| Chapter 4 - Summary of Key Ideas | - Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is a movement that has been developed to assist health-care professionals to base their care on the best research evidence possible - Research utilization is the process by which knowledge generated from research becomes i |
| Electronic Databases | Collection of bibliographic files that can be accessed by the computer through an online search (i.e. Directly communicating with a host computer over telephone lines or the Internet). |
| Empirical Literature | Databased literature that presents reports of completed research; also called scientific literature. |
| Literature Review | A critical summary of the most important scholarly literature on a particular topic. Scholarly literature can refer to research-based publications and conceptual or theoretical literature |
| Operational Definitions | Explanations of concepts or variables in terms of how they are defined for a particular study |
| Primary Source | Source reported by the person(s) who conducted the research or developed the theory; refers to original data or firsthand facts |
| Problem Statement | A statement of the topic under study, outlining all relevant variables within the study, providing justification for the choice of topic, and guiding the selection of the research design |
| Purpose Statement | A statement that describes why the study has been created |
| Refereed Journal | A journal that determines acceptance of manuscripts based on the recommendations of peer reviewers |
| Replication | The duplication of research procedures in a second study to determine whether earlier results can be repeated |
| Scientific Literature | Published literature reporting the results of original research |
| Secondary Source | Source reported by person(s) other than the individual(s) who conducted the research or developed the theory; usually represents a comment, summary, or critique of another's work |
| Theoretical Literature | Conceptual articles presenting reports of theories, some of which underlie research studies, and other non-research-related material |
| Chapter 5 - Summary of Key Ideas | - The problem statement presents the topic to be studied, along with a description of the background and rationale for the study's significance - A good problem statement expresses a relationship between two or more variables and can be investigated by c |
| Borrowed Theories | Theories taken from other disciplines and applied to nursing questions and research problems |
| Concepts | Symbolic statements describing a phenomenon or a class of phenomena |
| Conceptual Model | A set of abstract and general concepts that are assembled to address a phenomenon of interest. |
| Constructs | Higher-level concepts that are derived from theories and that represent non-observable behaviors |
| Deductive Approach | An approach to reasoning that generates theory by beginning with known facts, moving from the general to the specific. It is an approach used to test predictions and validate existing relationships. |
| Grand Theories | Theories that are complex and broad in scope. Grand theories attempt to explain broad areas and include numerous concepts that are not well defined and that have ambiguous and unclear relationships. |
| Inductive Approach | An approach to reasoning that involves collecting observations that lead to conclusions or hypotheses. This approach moves from specific observations to general statements that can be tested through research. |
| Metaparadigm | The primary or central phenomena that are of interest to a particular discipline |
| Middle-range Theories | Theories that look at a piece of reality and that contain clearly defined variables in which the nature and direction of relationships are specified |
| Nursing Theory | A specific and concrete set of concepts and propositions that accounts for or characterizes phenomena of interest to the discipline of nursing |
| Practice Theories | Theories that are more specific than middle-range theories and that produce specific directions or guidelines for practice |
| Theory | An organized and systematic set of interrelated statements (concepts) that specify the nature of relationships between two or more variables, with the purpose of understanding a problem or the nature of things |
| Chapter 6 - Summary of Key Ideas | A theory is set of interrelated concepts that provides a view of reality for describing, explaining, or predicting the phenomena of interest - Nursing knowledge can be acquired through inductive and deductive reasoning - The three types of theories (gr |
| Complex Hypothesis | A statement explaining and/or predicting relationships between two or more independent and dependent variables |
| Dependent Variable | A variable that is observed for changes or to assess the possible effect of a treatment or manipulation; may be the effect or outcome of an experimental procedure; also referred to as a criterion or outcome variable. Usually symbolized by the letter Y |
| Directional Hypothesis | A hypothesis that makes a specific prediction about the nature of the relationship between two variables. |
| Extraneous Variable | A variable that is not controlled for in a study, threatening the internal validity of the study |
| Hypothesis | A statement about the relationship between the variables that are being investigated |
| Independent Variable | A variable that is manipulated and controlled by the researcher; also called a predictor variable. Usually symbolized by the letter |
| Nondirectional hypothesis | A hypothesis that does not stipulate in advance the direction and nature of the relationship between two variables |
| Null Hypothesis (H0) | A hypothesis stating that no relationship or difference exists between two variables. Also called statistical hypothesis. |
| Research Hypothesis (H1 or H2) | A hypothesis stating a relationship or difference between two variables. Also called an alternative, declarative, or scientific hypothesis |
| Research Question | A concise, interrogative statement written in the present tense that includes one or more variables |
| Simple Hypothesis | A statement explaining and/or predicting a relationship between one independent and one dependent variable |
| Variable | A measurable characteristic that varies among the subjects being studied |
| Chapter 7 - Study of Key Ideas | The hypothesis is the researcher's prediction about the outcome of a study - Hypotheses provide direction for the researcher's efforts and determine the research method and type of data to be collection - A good hypothesis states clearly and concisely t |
| Writing PICOT Questions | Ask a clinical question: PICOT (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time frame) approach - Patient population or patient condition - Always be specific about the population or patient condition (ex. diabetic patients - adolescents, young adult |
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