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Lilon Kashani
Physiology Weeks 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What elements make up carbohydrates and what is their typical ratio? | Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, generally following the ratio of 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen. This composition gives them the formula CₙH₂ₙOₙ. |
| What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates? | Simple carbohydrates consist of one or a few sugar units (like glucose or sucrose), while complex carbohydrates are long chains of sugar molecules (like starch or cellulose). Complex carbs provide longer-lasting energy than simple sugars. |
| What is the recommended percentage of daily calories that should come from carbohydrates? | An average adult should obtain about 45–65% of their total daily calories from carbohydrates. On a 2,000-calorie diet, this equals roughly 225–325 grams per day. |
| Are enzymes exclusively made of carbohydrates? A Yes B No C Sometimes D Unsure | No. |
| Where are enzymes typically located within an organism? | Enzymes are located within cells, where they catalyze biochemical reactions that sustain life processes. |
| What are enzymes primarily made of? | Enzymes are primarily proteins composed of long, linear chains of amino acids that fold into specific three-dimensional structures. |
| Can enzyme activity be regulated or controlled? A Yes BNo C It depends D Only in animals | Yes. |
| What antibacterial properties does sebum have? | Sebum contains fatty acids with antibacterial properties that help inhibit the growth of harmful microbes on the skin surface. |
| How does keratinization support the skin’s waterproofing function? | Keratinization involves the accumulation of keratin proteins in epidermal cells, forming a tough, water-resistant stratum corneum that minimizes water loss and enhances skin protection. |
| What dual function does the skin serve as part of the blood reservoir system? | The skin can store blood and regulate its distribution; it redirects blood to vital organs during stress or increases blood flow to the surface to release heat when needed. |
| Sebum forms a hydrophilic barrier on the skin? (True/False) | False. |
| Do the skin’s blood vessels dilate to release heat?(Yes/No) | Yes. |
| Where are the parathyroid glands located? | They are typically four small endocrine glands located behind the thyroid gland in the neck. |
| What is the main function of the parathyroid glands? | To regulate calcium and phosphate balance by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH). |
| How does PTH respond to low blood calcium levels? | It stimulates calcium release from bones, increases intestinal calcium absorption, and promotes kidney calcium retention. |
| What are common symptoms of hypercalcemia caused by parathyroid dysfunction? | Bone pain, kidney stones, muscle weakness, cognitive impairment, and digestive or cardiovascular issues. |
| PTH increases phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys?(True/False) | False. |
| Low levels of PTH can cause hypocalcemia and muscle cramps?(True/False) | True. |
| How does the action potential travel deep into the muscle fiber? | The action potential travels through transverse (T) tubules, which are invaginations of the sarcolemma. These T tubules rapidly conduct the electrical signal deep into the muscle fiber toward its interior. |
| What causes calcium ions to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)? | When the action potential travels down the T tubules, it activates voltage-sensitive proteins that open calcium channels in the SR. This allows Ca²⁺ to flood from the SR into the sarcoplasm. |
| Describe the sliding filament mechanism during muscle contraction. | During contraction, myosin heads bind to exposed sites on actin, pull using energy from ATP hydrolysis, and then release. This repeated cross-bridge cycling shortens the sarcomere, producing muscle contraction according to the sliding filament theory. |
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lilonkashani