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Sociology- Culture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Culture | shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that a group of people use to navigate their world and that are passed down from one generation to the next |
| Material/Non-material culture | intangible aspects of a society, such as its beliefs, values, norms, language, and symbols, that guide behavior and interactions |
| Cultural Universals | patterns, traits, or institutions common to all human cultures worldwide, such as family, religion, and marriage |
| Ethnocentrism | tendency to evaluate other cultures based on the standards, values, and beliefs of one's own culture, often resulting in a view that one's own group is superior |
| Cultural Relativism | the principle that an individual's beliefs and behaviors should be understood in the context of their own culture, rather than judged by the standards of another |
| Xenocentrism | the belief that another culture is superior to one's own, leading to a preference for foreign products, styles, and ideas over domestic ones |
| Culture Shock | occurs when an individual moves from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one, leading to confusion, anxiety, and disorientation |
| Cultural Imperialism | imposition of one culture's values, beliefs, and practices onto another, typically through media, education, and other forms of communication |
| Values | the standards a culture uses to determine what is good, right, just, and desirable |
| Beliefs | tenets or convictions people hold to be true or real about the nature of reality, society, and life, often without empirical evidence |
| Formal Norms | established, written rules like laws |
| Informal Norms | unwritten, unspoken rules of behavior learned through social interaction and culture |
| Folkways | customs and conventions of daily life, representing unwritten rules for routine and casual interaction that are not considered morally significant |
| Mores | deeply ingrained social norms considered to be fundamental to a society's moral and ethical code |
| Ideal Culture vs. Real Culture | Ideal culture is a society's stated aspirations and values, while real culture is the actual behavior of its members |
| Sapir-Whorf hypotheis | proposes that the structure of a language influences and shapes the way its speakers perceive and understand the world |
| Relationship between language and thought | a bi-directional and interdependent process where language shapes social reality and individual thought, while social and individual thoughts are expressed and influenced by language |
| Subcultures | a group within a larger culture that has its own distinct values, beliefs, and behaviors |
| Countercultures | type of subculture that actively opposes and rejects the dominant norms and values of the larger society |
| How values, beliefs, and norms work together in society | to create social order and guide behavior |
| Cultural relativism in sociology | the principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood within the context of their own culture, rather than being judged by the standards of another |
| Cultural lag | a sociological concept describing the gap between the time material culture (like technology) changes and the time non-material culture (like values, norms, and laws) adapts to it |
| Examples of cultural universals | language, family structures, religious or healing rituals, and concepts like marriage and the incest taboo |
| Examples of Subcultures | include musical or interest groups like skateboarders or hip-hop fans |
| Examples of Countercultures | actively oppose mainstream norms and values |
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