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Physiology week 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | A condition that may vary, but which is relatively constant, maintaining relatively constant internal conditions despite changes in either the internal or external environment |
| Set Point | The normal reading or range of normal, typically between 80 and 100 mg of glucose per deciliter of blood. |
| Temperature Regulation | Homeostasis of body temperature allows it to remain constant despite external temperature changes. |
| Skeletal System | Supports and protects the internal environment, allowing movement and storing minerals that can be moved into and out of internal fluid. |
| Basic Components of Control Systems | There are a minimum of four basic components in every feedback control loop. |
| Integrator or control center | The area of the brain that receives input from a homeostatic sensor, analyzes it, and compares it with the setpoint value. |
| Feedback | The process by which the sensor generates a signal to the integrator, which then sends a signal to the effector mechanism. |
| Signal transmission | The process by which sensory information is relayed to the integrator and then to the effector mechanism. |
| Sensors | Components that detect changes in a controlled variable, such as temperature receptors in the skin. |
| Integrator | A part of the brain, such as the hypothalamus, that compares actual values of a variable with a setpoint. |
| Nucleic acids | A major group of organic substances important in the human body. |
| Primary source of chemical energy | Carbohydrates provide the primary source of chemical energy needed by every body cell. |
| Cell membrane components | Sugars on cell membranes may act as signals or identification tags. |
| Extracellular matrix | Carbohydrates make up important functional materials within the substance found between cells of some tissues. |
| Dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction that involves the removal of water to bond two molecules together. |
| Energy Storage | Lipids can be stored and broken down later for energy, yielding more energy per unit of weight than carbohydrates or proteins. |
| Insulation | Fatty tissue under the skin minimizes heat loss and myelin covers nerve cells for electrical insulation. |
| Regulation | Steroid hormones regulate physiological processes, including differences between females and males. |
| Triglyceride structure | A molecule formed from glycerol and three fatty acids, which can vary in type. |
| Cell membrane | A biological barrier that contains phospholipids and regulates the entry and exit of substances. |
| anabolism | The metabolic process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. |
| catabolism | The metabolic process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones. |
| catalyst | A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change. |
| cellular respiration | The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water. |
| diffusion | The process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. |
| Selectively Permeable | A characteristic of plasma membranes that allows them to control what substances pass through and the direction and rate of transport. |
| Equilibrium | The state achieved when solute particles are evenly distributed across a membrane, resulting in no net movement. |
| Hydrophobic Molecules | Small molecules that do not interact with water, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). |
| Osmosis | The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The process by which particles move down their concentration gradient through a membrane with the help of membrane proteins. |
| Cytoplasm | The part of the cell where mRNA is translated by ribosomes. |
| RNA | A nucleic acid that contains ribose and uracil instead of thymine, and is involved in protein synthesis. |
| ribosome | A molecular machine composed of rRNA and proteins that facilitates the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide. |
| nuclear envelope | The double membrane surrounding the nucleus that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. |
| Cell Cycle | The series of phases that a cell goes through leading to its division and replication. |
| Cell Growth | One of the two major phases of the cell life cycle where a newly formed cell produces new molecules for constructing additional cell structures. |
| Cellular Organelles | Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions necessary for cell growth and metabolism. |
| Mitosis Phases | The stages of mitosis which include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
| Centrosome | The microtubule-organizing center associated with the growth of nonmembranous organelles. |
| Chromosome | A structure that contains DNA and is duplicated during the cell growth phase. |
Created by:
Arsh2000