Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Resp. Disorders pt 1
patho exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Structural ways to divide the respiratory tract | upper and lower respiratory tract |
| functional ways to divide the respiratory tract | conducting and respiratory zone |
| upper respiratory tract | from nose to trachea |
| lower respiratory tract | from trachea to alveoli |
| conducting zone | nose to terminal bronchioles |
| respiratory zone | respiratory bronchioles and alveoli |
| Where does gas exchange occur? | in the lungs |
| Where does air come in and out of? | nasal and oral cavity |
| What is the beginning of the lower respiratory tract? | trachea |
| What is the function of the mucus lining of the respiratory tract? | filtrate air |
| What can happen when particles catch on the mucus lining of the trachea? | it can form infection |
| What lines the conducting portion of respiratory system? | respiratory mucosa |
| Why does the respiratory system get so much infection? | because of the respiratory mucosa |
| What does the respiratory system consist of? | an epithelial layer, an areolar layer called the lamina propria |
| Lamina propria | supports the respiratory epithelium |
| What does the lamina propria in the respiratory system contain? | mucous glands that secrete onto epithelial surface |
| What does the lamina propria in the conducting portion of lower respiratory system contain? | smooth muscle cells that encircle lumen of bronchioles |
| How do smooth muscle cells allow air to better penetrate lungs? | by relaxing and contracting |
| What do paranasal sinuses all connect to? | nasal cavity |
| sinusitis | sinus fills with fluid and becomes inflammed |
| laryngopharynx | division between esophagus and trachea |
| nasal cavity | allows for humidification and filtration of air |
| oral cavity | not as many entrances and not as narrow as nasal cavity, more tendency to bring an infection |
| what is cartilage replaced by in bronchioles? | smooth muscle |
| What does smooth muscle allow for in bronchioles? | better opening for air into lungs |
| How many generations do bronchi divide for after entering the lungs? | 20 |
| What allows for gas exchange? | respiratory bronchioles and alveoli |
| How much air is exchanged in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles? | a very small amount |
| Where does most of the gas exchange occur? | alveolus |
| Why does most of the gas exchange occur in the alveolus? | there are many capillaries and they form a thin membrane that allows exchange of O2 and CO2 |
| Inspiration sequence of events | inspiratory muscles contract, thoracic cavity volume increases, lungs are stretched, intrapulmonary volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops (to -1mmHg), air flows into lungs until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 |
| How does the diaphragm move during contraction? | inferiorly |
| Expiration sequence of events | inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases, elastic lungs recoil passively, intrapulmonary volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure rises (to +1mmHg), air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 |
| What does contraction of inspiratory muscles cause? | intrapulmonary pressure to decrease |
| When the volume of the chest increases what happens to the pressure inside? | decreases |
| inspiratory reserve volume | 3100mL- amount of air you can inhale |
| tidal volume | 500mL- amount of air in and out |
| expiratory reserve volume | 1200mL- amount of air released |
| residual volume | 1200mL- amount of air remaining in lungs |
| inspiratory capacity | 3600mL |
| functional residual capacity | 2400mL |
| vital capacity | 4800mL- amount of air inhaled and exhaled |
| total lung capacity | 6000mL- max air inside lungs |
| minute volume | tidal volume times respiratory rate |
| to calculate alveolar ventilation | dead space volume is subtracted from tidal volumes (subtract 150mL) |
| Lung disorders | infections (upper or lower), obstructive lung diseases, restrictive lung diseases, vascular disorders, intrapulmonary disorders (IRDS, ARDS) |
| obstructive lung diseases | block the flow of air into or out of the lungs |
| restrictive lung diseases | the normal expansion of lungs is limited |
| primary viral infection examples | influenza or common cold virus |
| What is the most common cause of infection? | influenza |
| What is the primary viral infection induced by? | virus |
| What happens when the virus attaches to respiratory mucosa? | invades tissues causing necrosis, inflammation, and swelling |
| What does necrosis activate? | the inflammation process |
| What happens after necrosis, inflammation, and swelling during a viral infection? | congestion, obstructive airways |
| Virus spreads along continuous mucosa invading what? | ears, sinuses, bronchi and lungs |
| What is it called when virus invades ears? | Otitis media- inflammation of ears |
| What is it called when virus invades sinuses? | sinusitis |
| What is it called when virus invades the bronchi and lungs? | pneumonia |
| What happens when bacteria penetrate the damaged mucous membranes? | secondary bacterial infection |
| What can a secondary bacterial infection be treated with? | antibiotic |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | acute infection of nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, or bronchi; range from mild to life-threatening |
| What does it mean if exudate has color in it? | immunologic cells are in it |
| Why is there a high prevalence of upper respiratory tract infections? | large numbers of viruses, ease of transmission, incomplete immunity developed after viral infection, ability of some viruses to mutate |
| Who is at increased risk for upper respiratory tract infection? | very young, very old, immunosuppressed individuals, those with chronic diseases |
| transmission of upper respiratory tract infection | social contact |
| Upper respiratory tract infection pathogenesis | usually viral (initial), primary or secondary bacterial infections |
| Upper respiratory tract infections clinical manifestations | vary depending on location and severity of the infection, and age of the patient, cough and change in mucus are common, rhinorrhea, fever, sore throat, myalgia, malaise |
| rhinorrhea | a profuse, watery discharge from nose |
| upper respiratory tract infection treatment | comfort measures (resting hydration), medications (antibiotics- secondary) |
Created by:
camrynfoster