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4U Biology

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

QuestionAnswer
coupled reaction two reactions happening at the same time: one is unfavourable (requiring energy), but the other is favourable (releasing energy
to hydrolyze to split two joined molecules by adding water
to condense to join two molecules by removing water. AKA dehydration synthesis
to isomerize to rearrange a molecule so that it has a different shape, but same chemical formula
to phosphorylate to add a phosphate group to a molecule
substrate-level phosphorylation a coupled rxn where high-energy phosphate ion is removed from a molecule and transferred to ADP, forming ATP. Oxygen is not needed.
oxidative phosphorylation forming ATP in the presence of oxygen during the last stage of cellular respiration (electron transport chain)
to oxidize half of a REDOX rxn; loss of electrons (in the form of hydrogen)
to reduce half of a REDOX rxn; gain of electrons (in the form of hydrogen)
energy carriers NAD and FAD are reduced at the substrate, then carry these electrons to the inner membrane. They dump them there (become oxidized)
Cytoplasm/cytosol Part of cell where glycolysis occurs
Mitochondrial matrix Part of cell where Krebs/Citric aid cycle occurs
Inner membrane of mitochondrion Part of cell where electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs
Glycolysis 1st stage of cellular respiration; ten rxns where 6 carbon glucose gets broken down to 2 pyruvate (3 carbon molecules)
Products of glycolysis Pyruvate + 2 NADH and 2 ATP
Transition to Krebs Cycle 2nd stage of cellular respiration; pyruvate crosses mitochondrial membrane into the matrix
Products of transition to Krebs cycle 2 NADH + 2 CO2
Krebs Cycle (aka Citric acid cycle) 3rd stage of cellular respiration; cycle of rxns where molecules are oxidized to form NADH +FAD. Molecules are also dephophorylated to form ATP
Electron Transport Chain 4th stage of cellular respiration; electrons dropped off by NADH, FADH2 supply energy for active transport of hydrogen ions. These are needed (+ phosphate ions) to form ATP
Products of Krebs cycle 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP before the cycle re-starts
chemiosmosis the movement of ions, eg. hydrogen ions across a semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient. This process uses the energy stored in the ion gradient toy synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through ATP synthase.
photosystems light-absorbing groups of chlorophyll molecules (P680 absorbing light in 680 nm range and P700 absorbing light in 700 nm range)
photolysis light energy splits water molecules into oxygen, protons ((H+) and electrons.
light-dependent rxns these use light energy to make two molecules: ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH. These molecules are needed for carbon-fixation (light-independent rxns).
thylakoid membrane Inside chloroplasts. Location of electron-transport chain of photosynthesis. H+ pumped inward to create high concentration in thylakoid lumen.
non-cyclic photophosphorylation electrons are removed from water and passed through PSII and PSI before ending up in NADPH. This process requires light to be absorbed twice, once in each photosystem, and it makes ATP
Photorespiration this is a wasteful pathway that occurs when the Calvin cycle enzyme Rubisco acts on oxygen rather than carbon dioxide.
C3 plants The majority of plants (which start Calvin cycle with 3-carbon 3- PGA). These have no special features to combat photorespiration
C4 plants Minimize photorespiration by separating carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle in space, performing these steps in different cell types. This works by ensuring that Rubisco always encounters high concentrations of CO2 making it unlikely to bind to O2.
CAM plants Minimize photorespiration and save water by separating Calvin cycle steps in time, between night and day. This works by ensuring that Rubisco always encounters high concentrations of CO2 making it unlikely to bind to O2.
Bundle-sheath cells location of Calvin cycle in C4 plants. CO2 is fixed to form 4-carbon malate in mesophyll cells. Malate then moves to bundle-sheath cells, RELEASING CO2 as the start of the normal Calvin cycle.
Crassulacean acid metabolism this process allows plants in hot, dry areas to use an organic acid as a source of CO2. This means the plant can close its stomata during day (minimizing water loss) and still photosynthesize.
competitive inhibitor a molecule that blocks an enzyme's active site by mimicking the natural substrate, preventing the real substrate (eg CO2) from binding thereby slowing the reaction (eg oxygen with RUBISCO)
Created by: jcepella
 

 



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