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Colonial America Study Guide (1620–1775)

Question	Answer
The Pilgrims / Puritan Separatists; English Protestants who separated from the Church of England, seeking religious freedom. They sailed on the Mayflower in 1620 and founded Plymouth Colony.
The Plymouth Colony (1620); Founded by Pilgrims in present-day Massachusetts. Survived with help from Native Americans like Squanto. First successful English colony in New England.
Mayflower Compact (1620); The first self-government agreement in the colonies. Signed by male Pilgrims to create laws for the good of the colony; early step toward democracy.
The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630); Founded by Puritans under John Winthrop to create a “city upon a hill.” Governed through the Congregationalist Church.
The Puritans and Puritan Community; Wanted to reform the Church of England. Valued strict religion, education, and moral discipline; church and government were closely linked.
John Winthrop; Leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; known for his sermon “A Model of Christian Charity” promoting unity and moral purpose.
Congregationalist Church; Church system used in Massachusetts where each local congregation governed itself; central to Puritan political and social life.
Anne Hutchinson; Challenged Puritan authority by preaching at home; banished from Massachusetts and helped found Rhode Island for religious freedom.
Connecticut Colony; Founded for more farmland and self-rule; settlers sought less strict Puritan control.
Rhode Island Colony; Founded by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson for religious tolerance and separation of church and state.
New Hampshire and Maine; Formed from Puritan expansion and trade interests.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1637); The first written constitution in America; established a representative government.
Royal Charter of Rhode Island (1663); Guaranteed religious freedom and self-government; founding document of Rhode Island.
William Penn and the Pennsylvania Colony; Founded by William Penn in 1681 as a refuge for Quakers; promoted religious tolerance and fair treatment of Native Americans.
The Society of Friends / The Quakers; Religious group believing in equality, peace, and the “inner light.” Opposed war and slavery; persecuted in England.
Philadelphia; “City of Brotherly Love” founded by William Penn; planned, prosperous, and diverse trade center.
The Charter of Liberties (1701); Pennsylvania’s constitution guaranteeing freedom of worship and an elected legislature.
Three Main Stages of British Rule; 1) Loose control (1607–1660) with colonial self-government; 2) Tighter control (1660–1689) with Navigation Acts; 3) Salutary neglect (1689–1763) allowing autonomy.
Navigation Acts (1660–1673); British trade laws requiring colonies to trade only with England or on English ships.
The Board of Trade (1675); Oversaw colonial trade and enforced mercantilist laws for Britain’s benefit.
The Dominion of New England (1685); King James II united several colonies under one royal governor, Sir Edmund Andros; colonists resisted and regained self-rule after the Glorious Revolution.
Salutary Neglect; Period when Britain relaxed enforcement of trade laws, allowing colonial independence and self-government.
The Seven Years’ War / French and Indian War (1754–1763); Conflict between Britain and France over North American territory; Britain won but gained debt, leading to colonial taxes.
Causes of the French and Indian War; Competition for land and fur trade in the Ohio River Valley.
Results of the French and Indian War; Britain gained Canada and lands east of the Mississippi; France lost most North American territory.
Significance of the French and Indian War; Britain’s debt led to new taxes on the colonies, sparking resentment and unity among colonists.
George Washington; Young officer in the French and Indian War who gained military experience and early fame.
Benjamin Franklin; Proposed the Albany Plan of Union (1754) to unite the colonies for defense; rejected but inspired later unity.
Treaty of Paris (1763); Ended the French and Indian War; France ceded most North American territory to Britain.
American Nationalism / “Usness”; Shared war experiences helped unite the colonies and develop an American identity separate from Britain.
New British Regulations; Britain tightened control to enforce mercantilism and make colonies pay for defense after the war.
New Policies after the Wars; Britain passed taxes and stationed troops in the colonies, causing resentment.
General Issues of Colonial Discontent; Taxation without representation, trade restrictions, quartering of soldiers, limits on westward expansion, and loss of self-government.
Proclamation Line of 1763; Banned settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflict with Native Americans; angered colonists seeking land.
Stamp Act (1765); Tax on printed materials and legal documents; first direct tax on the colonies.
Stamp Act Crisis (1765–1766); Colonists protested and boycotted British goods; “No taxation without representation!”; Act repealed in 1766.
The Stamp Act Congress (1765); Meeting of delegates from 9 colonies in New York; declared that only colonial assemblies could tax colonists.
The Sons of Liberty (1765); Secret group formed in Boston to oppose British taxes through protests and boycotts.
Samuel Adams; Leader of the Sons of Liberty; organized resistance against British rule in Massachusetts.
John Adams; Lawyer and advocate for colonial rights; defended British soldiers after the Boston Massacre to uphold justice.
The Townshend Acts (1767); Taxes on imports such as glass, tea, and paper; caused boycotts and increased colonial tension.

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