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biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is metabolism? | The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions |
| What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways? | Catabolic pathways break down molecules, while anabolic pathways build them |
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed |
| According to the second law of thermodynamics, what happens to energy in a system? | Some energy is lost as heat, increasing entropy |
| What is entropy? | A measure of disorder in a system |
| What type of process increases entropy and occurs without energy input? | Spontaneous process |
| What is free energy (ΔG)? | The portion of a system's energy that can do work |
| What type of reaction has a negative ΔG? | Exergonic reaction |
| Which reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings? | Endergonic reaction |
| What is the role of ATP in cellular work? | It couples exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions |
| What happens when ATP is hydrolyzed? | It releases energy, producing ADP and inorganic phosphate |
| What is the process of transferring a phosphate group to another molecule called? | Phosphorylation |
| What is an enzyme? | A protein that acts as a catalyst |
| What is activation energy (EA)? | The energy required to start a reaction |
| How do enzymes speed up reactions? | By lowering activation energy |
| What is a substrate in enzyme activity? | The reactant molecule on which an enzyme acts |
| What happens when an enzyme is saturated with substrate? | The reaction speed can only increase by adding more enzymes |
| What is the primary role of catabolic pathways in metabolism? | To release energy by breaking down complex molecules |
| What type of energy does food store in its bonds? | Chemical energy |
| What happens to free energy during a spontaneous reaction? | It decreases |
| What happens in competitive inhibition of enzymes? | An inhibitor competes with the substrate for binding to the active site |
| Enzymes are described as catalysts, which means that they __________. | increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| Which statement about the binding of enzymes and substrates is correct? | When substrate molecules bind to the active site of the enzyme, the enzyme undergoes a slight change in shape |
| Which of the following statements is true regarding potential energy and kinetic energy? | Water at the top of a dam has potential energy; water falling through a dam has kinetic energy. The moving water performs work by moving the blades of turbines in the dam to generate electricity. |
| Which of the following reactions release energy? | hydrolysis reactions |
| A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG | endergonic |
| Which of the following processes would be an example of a catabolic pathway? | providing energy that can be used to drive cellular work |
| Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy, which ultimately results in the production of ADP and inorganic phosphate. What generally happens to the inorganic phosphate produced in the cytosol? | It is combined with ADP to regenerate ATP. |
| If an enzyme in solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain a faster yield of products is to __________. | add more of the enzyme |
| In most exergonic reactions, before products can be formed, the reactants must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the | activation energy of the reaction. |
| Which of the following statements best describes the induced fit model of enzyme activity? | The binding of substrate changes the conformation of the active site to bind substrate more tightly. |
| Cooperativity is a form of allosteric activation in which | binding of a substrate molecule to one active site in a multisubunit enzyme stimulates the binding of substrate molecules to the active sites of other subunits. |
| Which process keeps metabolism from ever reaching equilibrium? | Continuous flow of energy and materials |
| If a reaction has ΔG = +8.0 kcal/mol, it is: | Endergonic and requires input of energy |
| Which process prevents cells from wasting resources in biosynthetic pathways? | Feedback inhibition |
| A mutation changes an enzyme’s active site shape. What is the most likely outcome? | Substrate will no longer bind effectively |
| What is the first stage of cellular respiration? | Glycolysis |
| Where does glycolysis occur? | Cytoplasm |
| Which molecule is produced at the end of glycolysis? | Pyruvate |
| What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? | Oxygen |
| How many ATP molecules are produced by fermentation? | 2 |
| What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration? | Electron carrier |
| Which stage of cellular respiration generates the most ATP? | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| In oxidative phosphorylation, which enzyme produces ATP? | ATP synthase |
| About how many ATP are produced from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration? | 32 |
| Which process in cellular respiration does not produce ATP directly? | Electron transport chain |
| Which of the following is not a product of the citric acid cycle? | Oxygen |
| What causes the proton motive force during oxidative phosphorylation? | H+ gradient |
| Which of the following is an end product of lactic acid fermentation? | Lactate |
| What is the source of electrons in the electron transport chain? | NADH and FADH2 |
| How many molecules of NADH are produced per glucose molecule in the citric acid cycle? | 6 |
| Which of the following is NOT part of chemiosmosis? | NAD+ regeneration |
| What byproduct is formed in the electron transport chain as oxygen is reduced? | Water |
| Which of the following terms describes metabolic pathways that break down complex molecules to release stored energy? | Catabolic pathways |
| In an oxidation-reduction reaction, how is the reducing agent changed? | it loses electrons |
| The complete reactions of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen (C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy) result in which of the following? | oxidation of C6H12O6 and reduction of O2 |
| When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the NAD+ molecule becomes | reduced |
| Which of the following sequences represents the correct order in which metabolic reactions occur during the complete oxidation of glucose through aerobic respiration? | glucose → glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain |
| Approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation? | 100% |
| Approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the electron transport chain is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation? | 0% |
| Which of the following statements correctly describes how ATP is involved in the oxidation of one molecule of glucose in glycolysis? | Two molecules of ATP are used, and four molecules of ATP are produced. |
| The complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C6H12O6) in cellular respiration produces about how many molecules of ATP? | 60-64 |
| Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? | glycolysis |
| Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation? | glycolysis |
| Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth? | Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
| Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved | It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms. |
| What is the primary function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? | Absorb light energy |
| In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur? | Stroma |
| Which enzyme is responsible for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle? | Rubisco |
| Which pigment primarily absorbs blue and red light for photosynthesis? | Chlorophyll a |
| Which of the following is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis? | ATP and NADPH |
| What wavelength of light is absorbed most efficiently by Photosystem II (PSII)? | 680 nm |
| During the Calvin cycle, what molecule is produced after the reduction phase? | G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) |
| Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Calvin cycle? | To synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide |
| What is the fate of oxygen produced during the light reactions? | It is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct. |
| What is the role of the proton gradient in the thylakoid during the light reactions? | To power ATP synthase and produce ATP |
| What is a function of carotenoids in photosynthesis? | To protect chlorophyll from excessive light damage |
| Which of the following is NOT a phase of the Calvin cycle? | Light capture |
| Which of the following statements about the Calvin cycle is correct? | It is powered by ATP and NADPH generated during the light reactions. |
| Which molecule is the source of the oxygen released during photosynthesis? | H2O |
| How many molecules of CO2 are required for the synthesis of one G3P in the Calvin cycle? | 3 |
| In linear electron flow, what happens after electrons are excited in Photosystem II? | They move through an electron transport chain to Photosystem I. |
| How do mitochondria and chloroplasts generate ATP? | Both use chemiosmosis to drive ATP synthesis, though with different energy sources. |
| Which of the following describes the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? | The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which power the Calvin cycle. |
| Which of the following occurs during the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle? | 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into G3P. |
| What is the primary purpose of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis? | To convert CO2 into sugars |
| Which photosystem is responsible for splitting water molecules during photosynthesis? | Photosystem II |
| The photosynthetic membranes are found in the _____ in plant cells. | chloroplasts |
| Photosynthesis is a redox reaction. H2O is _____ during the light reactions and CO2 is _____ during the Calvin cycle. | oxidized...reduced |
| Plants are photoautotrophs. What does this mean? | They use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials. |
| The ultimate source of energy to support most life on Earth is _____. | sunlight |
| In chemiosmosis in mitochondria, protons flow from the intermembrane space into the matrix. In what direction do protons flow during chemiosmosis in chloroplasts? | from the thylakoid space to into the stroma |
Created by:
ashleygome05