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Biochem CH 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| constitutional isomers | differ in the order of attachment of atoms |
| isomers | have the same molecular formula but different structures |
| stereoisomers | are connected in the same order but differ in spatial arrangement |
| epimers | differ at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms |
| enantiomers | nonsuperimposable mirror images |
| diastereomers | isomers that are not mirror images |
| anomers | isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon formed on ring closure |
| anomeric OH C1 is up | beta |
| anomeric OH c1 is down | alpha |
| which carbon are alpha and beta on? | C1 |
| Which carbon in fructose structures are alpha and beta designated by? | the hydroxyl on C2 |
| glycosyltransferases | catalyze the formation of glycosidic bonds |
| oligosaccharides | contain two or more monosaccharides that are linked by O-glycosidic bonds |
| maltose is glucose + glucose, linkage =? | alpha(1-4) |
| lactose is galactose + glucose, linkage = ? | beta (1-4) |
| sucrose is glucose + fructose, linkage =? | alpha(1-2)beta |
| amylose | linear |
| amylopectin | branched every 30 glucose units |
| glycoproteins are | the largest protein component by weight, can serve as membrane proteins |
| proteoglycans are | proteins attached to a particular type of polysaccharide called glycosaminoglycan |
| what is the function of proteoglycan? | structural components and lubricants |
| mucoproteins are | mucin proteins attached to the carbohydrate by N-acetylgactosamine; often as lubricants |
| erythropoietin is a ________ that is also a glycoprotein | hormone |
| erythropoietin is secreted by the _____ into the ____ | kidney, blood |
| erythropoietin stimulates the production of | rbcs |
| Glycosylation enhances the _______ of the protein in the blood | stability |
| erythropoietin is ___-glycosylated at 3 Asn rsidues. | N-glycosylated |
| erythropoietin is ___-glycosylated on a Ser. | O-glycosylated |
| polysaccharide glycogen (in animals) | A sugar chain with repeating α(1→4) linkages and occasional α(1→6) branches. |
| the polysaccharide in plants with α(1→4) linkages and occasional α(1→6) branches is known as | amylopectin |
| branching of a polysaccharide ________ solubility | increases |
| Why are branched polysaccharides more soluble? | Because the branches prevent tight packing of chains (unlike the linear hydrogen bonding in cellulose |
| More branch points → more ends available for enzyme attack = ? | faster energy mobilization; enzymes like glycogen phosphorylase can release glucose quicker |
| Cholesterol acts as a | fluidity buffer in biological membranes |
| At normal or high temperatures, cholesterol restricts movement of | phospholipid tails → decreases fluidity (stabilizing role) |
| t low temperatures, cholesterol prevents packing of | atty acid tails → increases fluidity (anti-freezing role) |
| Too rigid membranes (low fluidity) can impair: | glucose uptake, protein conformational changes, and cell signaling |
| too fluid membranes can lead to | leakiness and compromised cell integrity. |
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