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EX2: Fear condtning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| fear memories | fear functions to engage defensive behavior in response to potential survival threats, must be acquired quickly and consolidated into long term storage and resistant to overrides |
| fear memory flexibility | flexible due to conditioning principles, neuroplasticity, and anatomical connectivity |
| skin conductance responses (SCRs) | sweat gland stimulation: pure measure of sympathetic arousal, have no parasympathetic input |
| amygdala | part of an "early warning" threat detection system: fMRI analysis shows transient amygdala activity during initial trials of fear acquisition |
| amygdala activity to a CS+ | correlated with SCR indices of fear learning |
| fear extinction memory coding | in vmPFC which inhibits amygdala activity |
| structural abnormalities in the medial temporal lobe in PTSD | both the hippocampus and amygdala can shrink in volume due to the long term chronic stress associated with feedback of stress hormones in in the periphery onto the brain |
| hippocampus shrinkage | correlated with degree of combat exposure |
| PTSD | exhibits enhanced PFC-amygdala responses to conditioned threats and reduced PFC-cingulate responses to extinguished threats |
| reduced extinction learning | vulnerability factor for developing PTSD |
| measuring contextual fear in rats | rats trained in particular conditioning box context (CX) to fear an auditory , then tested for CX fear in same box without CS presented, then are moved to different box to rest for fear to the CS |
| hippocampal lesions in rats | selectively impair contextual but not cued (CS) fear conditoning |
| contextual influences on cued fear retention in humans using VR | conditioned fear responses persist when the CS+ is presented in the same VR context 24 hours alter than a different VR context |
| hippocampus | decodes threatening contexts which facilitates conditioned fear learning to threats encountered in the contexts |
| fear conditioning | model system for emotional learning and memory, with conserved neural systems across species |
| amygdala | critical for fear acquisition |
| vmPFC | critical for fear extinction |
| hippocampus | critical for contextual fear |
| amygdala activation | strongest early in acquisition and correlates with activity in other brain regions involved in fear learning |
| lesions to human hippocampus vs. amygdala | shows that declarative and non-declarative aspects of memory for a fear learning episode are neurally dissociable |
| PTSD | characterized by a resistance to extinction, which is driven by an imbalance in vmPFC-amygdala interactions |
| long term stress associated with PTSD | shrinks hippocampal and amygdala volume |
| VR technology | permits a more ecologically valid way to assess the role of environmental contexts in enhancing fear retention and differential fear responding in humans |
Created by:
justinem