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AMST Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| patrilineal kinship | society organized around/defined by male family members, women join man's family, inheritance through male lines, male headed; includes Pacific Northwest and Plains tribes |
| matrilineal kinship | organized around and defined by female members, inheritance passed through female lines, female headed; primarily eastern woodlands tribes, baffled Europeans upon their arrival |
| clan matron | in matrilineal societies, role held by women that posessed political and social power, though men still held role of chief, women chose who held those roles, defined treaties, pol movements, econ choices, etc |
| Iroquois Confederacy | created by "Peacemaker" around 1450, settlement around what is now New York, built to be superpower and initiate war with other nations, induced fear but behaved diplomatically, lasted all the way to Am Revolution |
| Protestant Reformation | 1517-Reformation led by Martin Luther to split from the Roman Catholic church because he was against the papacy selling "indulgences." --> Protestants |
| manitous | word for spiritual creature taking human form, Natives largely believed that Europeans were manatou (shiny armor that arrows can't pierce, visible diffs, weapons w invisible shots), reason for bringing them gifts and women |
| Bacon's Rebellion | 1675-77, led by Nathaniel Bacon, riot against gov to siege Jamestown wanting to attack Native pop to get land for more tobacco, indentured servants involved in want of land for selves and recently freed, rebellion fails when Bacon dies from dysentery |
| Lord Baltimore | Founded Maryland as a Catholic haven. |
| Jamestown | settled by Virginia Company in Spring 1607, 105 men and boys, sailed up "James River," both it and town named for King James; issues found in swampy land and diseased mosquitos, of initial count, only 38 survived |
| Powhatan | name of village and chief where English settled Jamestown, VA, initially let English stay bc peace good for trade and wanted their metal goods, father of Pocahontas who orchestrated ritualistic fake execution of John Smith |
| John Smith | English colonist in 17th century, notably the center of fake-out mocking "execution" by Powhatan tribe, "saved" by Pocahontas, meant to be warning from Powhatan but was taken as sign from God that Virginia was in his favor |
| mercantilism | extraction of raw materials that they don't posses in order to create market to sell manufactured goods from those resources, motivation for British during colonial period |
| Virginia Company | early shareholder company of colonial period, granted by British royalty (1000s of miles), arguments from shareholders that they would make poor Englishmen productive while rich men would create glory for England, first group sent over Spring 1607 |
| tobacco | only plant successful in 17th cent. settlement of Virginia Company, restructured whole colony around crop to make it more attractive, by mid-1600s 300% profit for growing tobacco, required huge amount of land to plant |
| House of Burgesses | local government of Virginia during 17th cent, all land-owning residents could vote, including freed indentured servants |
| headright system | Virginia land distribution system, receive 50 acres of land per head of people whose journey you pay to colony, also paid small rent to Virginia Company |
| staple-crop economy | entire economy dependent on crop, opposite of diversified economy bc dependent on singular produced item and reliant on outside sources for everything else, crop as currency, paying taxes, etc |
| indentured servants | those who were too poor to pay their own way to the settlement would work for Virginia Company for seven years on their land, then received 50 acres, thousands tried this via VC, then individual Englishmen could pay others' way |
| visible saints (needs more) | church members who held power in congregation and therefore government in new NE colonies, must have conversion experience |
| Great Migration | 1629-42: swaths of Puritans settling in Mass making pop grow exponentially, financially-concerned go to Carrib, religious-minded to NE |
| Salem Witch Trials | result of Native wars + econ focused Salem Town vs comm focus Salem Village, over 150 arrested, 19 hanged, many more died in prison, 3/4 accused women, accusers mostly young women bodily afflicted |
| Massachusetts Bay Company | 1629: Puritans who obtained land from king who is all too happy to send them off to quell religious difference, no division between church and state, voting rights based on male church membership |
| John Winthrop | second governor of Mass Bay Col, coined 'city upon a hill,' emphasized all eyes on them, foundation of Am exceptionalism |
| General Court | legislative body of Mass Bay Col, only open to church members to 'ensure stability' |
| diversified economy | opposite of staple-crop econ, grow vast number of agro goods, able to feed selves plus lots of crafsmanship, using Brit currency to pay taxes and buy goods, state of NE col 17th cent |
| Harvard College | 1636: first college in colonies, established to train ministers in Puritanism, part of educational focus of NE as part of literacy necessary for Biblical study |
| Anthony Ashley Cooper | 1663: writer of Carolina governing doc Fundamental Constittion w goal of establishing mini England w no control over land for citizens but no interest in Old English way of life |
| Fundamental Constitution | 1663: Carolina governing doc written by 8 proprietors including Anthony Cooper, established mini England with no control over land but no Old English way of life |
| Charles Town | 1660s: southern key settlement of Carolina, only colony to have non-English majority from start, by 1600s majority black pop |
| Barbados | English colony is the Carribean where they produced tobacco. indigo, cotton, and SUGAR. |
| Black Codes | 17th cent: rights extended solely to black pop, prohibited voting, firearms, marriage, parental rights, movement around town w/o permission, commercial activity, testifying against whites, congregation in public, etc |
| indigo | dye for blue jeans, discovered by Pinckney in Carolina, only otherwise grown in India, permanently dyed hands making it slave crop from the beginning, became hugely popular in Brit textiles |
| Elizabeth Lucas Pinckney | ran father's farm in Carolina, discovered indigo while experimenting with regional crops, shared plant as scientist testing theory |
| Virginia Law of 1662 | codification of slavery, one of first laws of its kind, made mixed race children slave status based on mother, extending slavery to womb (unique to colonies), after VA, passed in every colony |
| Royal African Company | 1670s/80s: systematization of slave trade as result of wars, kidnapped slaves and brought to coast for sale, upon disassemble, open to individuals which exploded trade and decreased price of slaves further |
| Pueblo Revolt | 1680: Stemmed from Native American resentment against Spain (for killing, exploiting, and forcing Catholicism) Led by Pope', they destroyed churches and killed about 400 colonists. The Spanish fled for 12 years, leaving everything behind. |
| Quakers | bellieved all people contained 'inner light,' no ministry, all religious learning from within, quietly sit in church until god spoke, would share while shaking/quaking |
| William Penn | 1680s: inherited Pennsylvania (later PA + DE), Quaker status unknown to king, framed colony as 'holy experiment' |
| "holy experiment" | 1680s: words of William Penn for foundation of Pennsylvania on religious principles, specifically for focus on Quaker lifestyle |
| Frame of Government | 1682: Pennsylvania founding document focused on Quaker lifestyle, considered foundational to democracy, disposed of hierarchical nature of society, drew plans for Philadelphia city of brotherly love, equal landholdings w/ no amassing of land |
| Lenape (Delaware) | 1680s: Native tribe humanized by Penn, matrilineal, paid rightfully by Penn for their land, teach Penn their language, sale of alcohol to them outlawed, lived peacefully w Pennsylvanians |
| wheat | 1680s: key crop of Middle Colonies, large amounts shipped to Brit Caribbean to feed slaves |
| functionalism | late 17th cent: political organization, Quaker vs nonQuaker factions, always contested but operate w/i system w no full rebellions, all agree to keep Penns as proprieters |
| city-county trade networks | late 17th cent: reciprocal economy, port cities (merchants) reliant on farmers out in country for success, lucrative bc in exchange farmers got Euro goods from merchants |
| "inner light" | late 17th cent: religious learning that comes from within, foundational to Quaker beliefs, reasoning for lack of ministry and religious titles/leaders |
| Great Valley | 18th cent: path through Appalachian Mtns used by white colonists to travel to land for settlement, followed paths of Native Am to land behind fall line where no longer able to travel by boat |
| Scots-Irish and Germans | 18th cent: huge wave of immigration to Backcountry, largest immigrant group before Civil War, Sc-Ir reputation for being rowdy and difficult to govern vs Ger sober, well-respected, steadfast in culture, all remained in separated societies, not melting pot |
| distilled liquor | 18th cent: backcountry greatest producers, made much more at market than barrels of grain, made long trips to market worth it, huge demand by colonists, water unsafe so huge amounts needed |
| "white Indians" | 18th cent: label applied to backcountry colonists, bc not living on coasts seemingly made one as uncivilized as Natives, largely came about from brutality of backcountry fighting |
| Charles Woodmason | 18th cent: Anglican minister who went to Carolina backcountry w intention to civilize them and 'bring religion,' arrogance towards attitude and behavior, beginning of tensions leading to revolutionary then civil war |
| stratification | defined 18th cent. urban social and economic life via tight hierarchy of master craftsman/journeymen/apprentice structure |
| master craftsman | owner of shop, possessing skills, provided livelihood and training to apprentices and journeymen under care |
| journeyman | men in 20s possessing some skills of craftsman but not yet capital to be independent, still under care of master craftsman |
| apprentice | indentured to master craftsman, sent out from poor house/orphanage as teenager by Overseers of the Poor, also indentured to wife and heirs of master craftsman |
| authoritarian | A strong centralized government that hold an egregious amount of power against its people. |
| dowry | 17th cent: both men and women's family provided dowry in marriage agreement, men received land while women received livestock and household items |
| Anne Bradstreet | 17th cent: Puritan woman writing and publishing anonymously in time when women not allowed to have a public persona, poems advocated for true familial love beyond duty of bio kinship |
| coverture | establish in 17th cent, set of laws regarding marriage, upon marriage legal status/identity of wife covered by husband's id, wives cease to exist in eyes of the law, no legal rights, no rights to property/children, no wages, remained unchanged until 1846 |
| fictive kinship | common in 17th cent enslaved pop, fictional not blood family to preserve community in enslaved relations, allows to always be part of family while living in system that denies identity |
| Stono Rebellion | 1739- Failed South Carolina slave uprising. Burned down 7 plantations, killed 20 white |
| task system | A balanced method for black slaves being compensated for tasks, for example, receiving gifts on holiday’s. |
| gang system | Less free time, more restrictions, created more tension which led to arson and theft. |
| Parliament | worked with king and ministers/advisers to administer laws to colonies, made up only of British elites, no representation from colonies |
| governor | drawn parallel to crown, but did not posses respect of crown, constant turnover in colonies, however lots of power (can veto assemblies and dismiss judges) |
| the council | parallel to House of Lords, however in colonies, not separate from governor, appointed by them and no independent power |
| the assembly | drawn parallel to House of Commons, but only one in Par vs 13 in colonies, every person in colonies has access to assembly, more representation |
| William Pitt | prime minister when French and Indian War begins, decides in 1754 it will be last war between France and Eng abt colonies, drains treasury to fund war |
| Navigation Acts | 1660s-70s: intended to give England more control over colonial trade, by law their raw materials could go only to England, prohibition of what colonists can manufacture themselves, making them reliant on Eng goods, as Eng entering Industrial Rev. External |
| Fort Duquesne | 1754- Led to the French and Indian War because the British took it over and won over Ohio Valley. |
| Montreal | |
| Treaty of Paris of 1763 | ends French and Indian War in 1763, English in tremendous debt but France loses all N Am land claims, Native and Brit conflict doesn't end (no rep at signing) but French abandon |
| Proclamation Line | 1763: attempt to keep British east to avoid conflict w/ Natives, slightly west of fall line |
| Sugar Act | 1764: paying taxes on imported good of sugar |
| Stamp Act | 1765: alredy paying this in Eng, affixed to various documents, rowdiest colonists (lawyers, merchants, soldiers) upset, made clear that internal taxes should be in hands of colonial assemblies not Parliament |
| Stamp Act Congress | 1765: brought colonial representation together in NY, called by Massachusetts assembly, cautious meeting, not all cols there for fear of repercussion, 'no taxation w/o rep,' called for boycott of English goods, significant in aftermath of consumer rev |
| Sons of Liberty | led by Pat Henry and Sam Adams as elite leaders of working class/'lower orders', urban laborers invoking mod violence, Parliament finally responds to this rather than eloquent movements |
| Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry | led Sons of Liberty, Adams from VA, Hen from Mass, elite organizers of lower class violent mob street protests |
| Declaratory Act | 1766-Parlliament declared/asserted the right to legislate over the colonies. Was a result of Parliament repealing Stamp Act. |
| Townshend Acts | passed in aftermath of Stamp Act repeal, putting new taxes on tons of goods (glass, paper, led, paint, tea, etc), increased enforcement power of tax collectors in colonies, caused widespread boycotts, repealed 1770 |
| Boston Massacre | 1768: standing army of Brits sent to Boston, tensions rose as soldiers taking jobs from laborers, unpaid soldier debt colonists throwing snowballs and oysters then rocks and bricks, soldiers shoot at crowd, kill 5 and injure 3 |
| committees of correspondence | 18th cent: founded by Sons of Liberty to keep letters consistently going between colonies, some begin calling for real rep in Parliament, stay deaf to this and begin to think of them as shadow gov |
| Tea Act | 1773: makes tea cheaper but keeps tax thinking colonists would love it, instead most ports order British tea ships to not unload and turn back except for Boston where tea party |
| Boston Tea Party | 1773: as result of Tea Act, men dressed as Natives tied up everyone on British ships then quietly turn 342 chests of tea into the harbor under cover of night |
| Coercive (Intolerable) Acts (needs more?) | 1774: targeted at Mass, made them no longer self-governing, best colonial military general Thomas Gage appointed as governor. ) Revenue Act and Wuartering Act. |
| General Thomas Gage | appointed governor of Mass under the Coercive acts, best general in colonies, believed he could get Mass under control, but they underestimated colonies who all vocally supported Mass |
| First Continental Congress | Sept 1774: 12 colonies present (no Georgia), met in Philidelphia, cautious majority still looking to maintain English ties, radical minority for independence, put together Declaration of Grievances denying Parliament authority, boycott until Int repealed |
| republicanism | 1770s: based on John Locke thinking, society and gov on basis of equality for all men, natural rights life lib pursuit of happiness, virtue of citizens (set aside priv interests for pub good) |
| Second Continental Congress | May 1775: things clearly not getting better so adhere to this date set at 1st cont congress, Independence Hall, establish Cont Army and George Wash commander, don't declare independence, send Olive Branch Petition, eventually Dec of Ind (reconvening) |
| Continental Army | devoted members of revolutionary army, joined for duration of fighting rather than few months, poorest men won bc promised land |
| Prohibitory Act | 1775, imposed because colonies were in a state of rebellion. Blocked trade between colonies & the rest of the world (naval blockade). |
| "rage militaire" | passion for arms across all levels of society (free blacks, backcountry, rich, poor) vying to join fighting, six month contracts (not Cont Army) and many did this then went home to never fight again, many deserted, didn't follow orders |
| French Alliance | French gave United Sates soldiers, guns, ammunition, and ships to protect themselves from the British army. A reminder of an enemy of an enemy is a friend of mine. |
| Lexington and Concord | Two monumental Patriot victories that swayed France to become allies & provide guns and ships. |
| Olive Brand Petition | 1775: sent from 2nd cont congress as means to still try to repair relations w England before rev war really accelerates, sent directly to king but he refused to read it, instead start taking away arms and ammunition from colonists. |
| Lord Dunmore's Proclamation | Nov 1775: British proclamation that any slaves willing to join them will be freed, arms them to defeat their masters (colonies don't follow this track until much later) |
| Tom Paine - Common Sense | 1775: Englishman new to colonies, but took to colonists' cause, no choice but to fight for independence, believed to be read by nearly every white man in Am, language of Great Awakening, Enlightenment, economics, America as land of immigrants |
| Saratoga, NY | turning point in the war, following this battle in northern states largely ends and war turns to south, convinced France to officially ally w US, provided badly needed boost for Am morale |
| Lord Cornwallis | 1781: British troop commander, turned over troops at Yorktown when surrounded by French and colonial army |
| Yorktown | Oct 1781: everyone (Wash, French, etc) comes together simultaneously by luck to surround British, Cornwallis turns over troops and surrenders, war still goes on for two more years and extends to global war |
| deference | 1780s: previous system informing gentility, hierarchical social ladder, largely disappeared w language of liberty, equality, instead men willing to sacrifice, men of virtue as social leaders |
| religious freedom | before revolution taxes support church, post-rev separation of church and state, by 1780s, all states had laws of freedom of religion |
| wage labor system | post-rev, master/apprentice system falls apart, this system thought to have more control over economic fluctuation, journeymen and apprentices favor this for freedom and independence, master craftsman can hire and fire depending on profit margins |
| gradual emancipation | 1780s: northern states who didn't abolish slavery outright would free slaves as they grew older, at 21, freed (but if older, slave until death), slavery still lingers until 1830s/40s |
| manumissions | laws giving individuals power to free as many individual slaves by their own choice, ex) Wash frees all upon Martha W's death, Jefferson manumits bio children and none other; not allowed in south |
| Esther Reed | one of thinkers who established republican motherhood post-revolution, creating much larger education opportunities despite no pol/civil rights |
| Republican Motherhood | put forward by Esther Reed + Judith Sargent Murray post-rev, carves space for women in republic that while they can't contribute politically, can raise 'good rep citizens,' leads to greater education for women to be a good citizen, white upper mid class |
| Prince Hall | of Boston, late 18th century. He was a free black who advocated against slavery and also advocated for blacks to return to Africa. |
| Abigail Adams | Wife of John Adams, famously quoted to say "Remember the ladies," wanted to end coverture...feminist! |
| Judith Sargent Murray | Around 1800, poet and advocate for women's rights. |
| Northwest Ordinance | 1787: Declared... also abolished slavery in that land. |
| Shay's Rebellion | begins in western Mass, former rev soldiers seize army base and threaten gov if they don't fix economic debts, spreads to six other states, 1787 constitutional convention called as a result |
| Bill of Rights | Amendments to the Constitution, used as a compromise between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. |
| Virginia Plan | presented by Madison at con convention, throws out Articles and implements checks and balances, separation of power, legislative authority, judicial selected by executive, etc |
| 3/5ths Compromise | enshrined in constitution that states would be attributed 3/5 of total slave pop to their population numbers for representation, taxation, etc |
| Great Compromise | enshrined in constitution that legislative branch split into bicameral system, Senate for equal rep for all states and House of Reps for population density |
| fugitive slave clause | enshrined in constitution that fed gov will use its powers to track down and return runaway slaves |
| Federalists | wanted passing of constitution, included Hamilton, Jay, Madison, Washington, etc |
| Anti-Federalists | wanted to go back to something closer to Articles of Confederation |
| Federalist Papers | 1788: written by Hamilton, John Jay, Madison, wanted to convince public of constitution passing, hoped to have influential power like Tom Paine's Common Sense |
| "Ethan Allen" | Bellesiles: detailed Allen's relevance to Lex and Concord, his fight for land rights in upstate NY, influence on military practices during war, institution of voting for leadership in troops, etc |
| "New Ways: Indian and European" | Calloway: described culture clash of Europeans' arrival to Americas, how they both quickly influenced each other in their day to day lives |
| "Salem Village" | Koehler: detailed environmental tensions that likely contributed to the explosive violence and paranoia of the Salem Witch Trials |
| "Black People in a White People's Country" | Nash: detailed significance of African Slave Trade |
| "Caspar Wistar" | Belier: story of significant German immigrant who rose through ranks of Pennsylvania society |
| "Gouge and Bite" | Gorn: detailed backcountry fighting practices, communal nature of honor through no holds barred fighting rings, likening to Medieval Euro, absense of capitalist spirit, division of elite Brits and common colonists stoking tensions leading up to revolution |
| "The Great Negro Plot" | Davis: story of 1741 New York Conspiracy |
| patriarchy | patrilineal kinship extended to be a means of power exerted over women, 17th and early 18th cent male suspicion towards women, role of temptress, inferior and need to be contained, to go against inferiority was against god, first duty of wife obedience |
| John Locke | In the Enlightenment Era |
| Benjamin Franklin | inventor of lightning rods, printing press, bi-focals, Franklin Stove, key Enlightenment thinker |
| almanacs | Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richards Almanacks" are a good example. |
| Jonathan Edwards | Great Awakening preacher, gave the "Sinners at the Hands of an Angry God" speech. |
| "Sinners at the Hands of an Angry God" | 1741: |
| George Whitefield | Anglican preacher who brings Great Awakening out of little pockets, travelling through colonies emphasizing 'born again' aspect, that god offered this salvation as free gift, image of loving god, equal opp (enslaved, poor, etc) |
| Baptists | |
| New York Conspiracy | 1741: New York slave rebellion, not necessarily for freedom, but for dignity. |
| consumer revolution | post-Enlightenment, participation by buying more things and actively choosing products making them 'more English,' building homes that look English, feeling closer to Brit fams, items straight from Eng, items once considered luxuries now necessities |
| tea drinking | result of 18th cent consumer revolution, spread throughout society including enslaved and native pops, need to have adequate tea sets (wood and pewter low class vs ceramic |
| gentility | aspirational goal to appear like English gentry, 'gentlemen and ladies' displaying refinement in dress, manners, and behavior, including elite honor culture, posture, dance steps, horse riding, status bestowed by comm, know immediately one's social status |
Created by:
lyricagee