Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Cathy Nakimera
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2025-3-SCI221-04
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three components of a homeostatic control mechanism, and how do they interact? | The three components are receptor (detects change), control center (processes information, determines response), and effector (carries out the response). The receptor senses a deviation from set point, sends signals to the control center, which compares t |
| What is the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback in homeostatic systems? | Negative feedback reverses a change to return a system to its set point (e.g., thermoregulation). Positive feedback amplifies a change, driving the system further in the same direction (e.g., labor contractions). |
| What are the four major classes of biomolecules, and what is one primary function of each? | (1) Carbohydrates – energy storage and structure (glycogen, cellulose). (2) Lipids – energy storage, cell membranes, signaling (phospholipids, steroids). (3) Proteins – enzymes, structural components, transport. (4) Nucleic acids – genetic information st |
| How does the structure of a protein relate to its function? | The specific 3D folding (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures) determines the active sites, binding sites, and overall shape. Misfolding or denaturation often abolishes function. |
| Compare and contrast passive and active transport across cell membranes. | Passive transport (e.g. diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion) does not require energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient. Active transport (e.g. pumps like Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, endocytosis) requires energy (usually ATP) and can move sub |
| What is the sodium–potassium pump, and why is it important? | The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase actively transports 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell per ATP molecule hydrolyzed. It maintains the resting membrane potential, regulates cell volume, and provides gradients for secondary active transport. |
| What are the main phases of the cell cycle? | G₁ phase (growth and normal function), S phase (DNA replication), G₂ phase (preparation for mitosis), and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). Some cells enter G₀ (resting) instead of proceeding. |
| What is apoptosis and how does it differ from necrosis? | Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a regulated process important for development and homeostasis. Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death from injury, causing inflammation and damage to neighboring tissue. |
| What are the four primary tissue types, and give one example of each. | (1) Epithelial (e.g. lining of the intestine), (2) Connective (e.g. bone, blood), (3) Muscle (e.g. skeletal muscle), (4) Nervous (e.g. neurons in brain). |
| What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelia? | Simple epithelium is a single layer of cells, often for absorption or diffusion. Stratified epithelium has multiple layers, providing protection (e.g. skin). |
| What are the two major divisions of the human skeleton? | Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles). |
| What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone? | Compact bone is dense, forming the outer shell of bones, providing strength. Spongy bone (trabecular) has a porous network inside bones, reducing weight and housing bone marrow. |
| What are the functional classifications of joints, and give an example of each? | Synarthrosis (immovable, skull sutures), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable, vertebral discs), diarthrosis (freely movable, synovial joints like hip or knee). |
| Describe the structure and function of a synovial joint. | A synovial joint contains a joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage. It allows free movement while protecting bone surfaces and reducing friction. |
| What are the major types of muscle tissue and their characteristics? | Skeletal muscle (voluntary, striated, multi‑nucleated), cardiac muscle (involuntary, striated, intercalated discs), smooth muscle (involuntary, non‑striated, spindle‑shaped). |
| What is the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction? | During contraction, myosin heads bind to actin, pull the actin filaments inward (toward the M-line), ATP is used to detach and reset myosin heads. This shortens the sarcomere and thus the muscle fiber. |
| What roles do calcium ions and troponin/tropomyosin play in skeletal muscle contraction? | When Ca²⁺ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, it binds to troponin, causing a shift in tropomyosin that exposes actin-binding sites, allowing myosin to bind and contraction to occur. |
| What is muscle fatigue, and what are some contributing factors? | Muscle fatigue is the reduced ability to generate force. Contributing factors include depletion of ATP, buildup of lactic acid, ionic imbalances, and reduced blood flow. |
| What are the two main types of cells in the nervous system? | Neurons (signal-conducting cells) and neuroglia (glial cells) (support, protect, nourish neurons). |
| Name and briefly describe three types of neuroglia in the central nervous system. | Astrocytes (support, form blood-brain barrier), oligodendrocytes (form myelin sheath in the CNS), microglia (immune defense, clean up debris). |
| What are the major structures of the brain and their functions (e.g. cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem)? | Cerebrum—conscious thought, sensory processing, voluntary movement; cerebellum—coordination, balance; brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)—basic life functions, pathways, reflex centers. |
| What is the ventricular system, and how is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulated? | The ventricular system consists of lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, and central canal. CSF is produced by choroid plexuses, flows through ventricles and subarachnoid space, and is reabsorbed into venous circulation via arachnoid vill |
| What is the basic structure of a photoreceptor cell in the retina, and how does it transduce light into electrical signals? | Photoreceptors (rods and cones) contain light-sensitive opsin molecules in outer segments. When light hits opsin, it triggers a photochemical cascade that changes ion permeability, altering membrane potential and sending electrical signals. |
| How do the inner ear structures transmit sound waves to the brain? | Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane, move ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), which transmit vibrations to the oval window, causing fluid waves in the cochlea. These waves stimulate hair cells on the basilar membrane, converting mechanical energy in |
Created by:
user-1990559