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CH 3 Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes | Linear DNA–protein structures carrying genes. Humans have 46 total (23 pairs). They transmit genetic information |
| Homologous chromosomes | A pair (one from each parent) with the same genes in the same order. Humans: 22 autosomal pairs + 1 sex pair (XX or XY). |
| Chromatids | Two identical DNA copies (sister chromatids) joined at a centromere after replication |
| Chromatin | The DNA–protein complex that condenses to form chromosomes. |
| Centromere | The chromosome’s “waist” where spindle fibers attach; forms the kinetochore during division |
| Karyotype | Visual map of all chromosomes; used to identify chromosome number or structural abnormalities (e.g., trisomy 21 aka down syndrome) |
| Metacentric | centromere in the middle |
| Acrocentric | centromere near one end |
| Sex chromosomes: | X and Y determine biological sex (XX = female, XY = male). |
| Autosomes | Non-sex chromosomes (pairs 1–22 in humans). Number varies by species. |
| Diploid (2n) | Two chromosome sets — one from each parent (e.g., zygote, somatic cells) |
| Haploid(n) | One chromosome set — found in gametes (sperm, eggs) |
| Zygote | Diploid cell formed from fusion of two haploid gametes |
| Somatic cells | Non-reproductive body cells; undergo mitosis |
| Germ line cells | Precursors to gametes; undergo meiosis |
| Gametes | Haploid reproductive cells (sperm or egg) |
| Cell cycle | Repeating pattern of growth + division |
| Interphase includes which steps? | G1, S, G2 |
| What happens during interphase? | growth and DNA replication |
| What is the M phase? | mitosis and cytokinesis |
| what happens during the M phase? | actual division |
| What happens during G1 phase? | growth and normal function |
| What happens during S phase? | DNA synthesis where sister chromatids form |
| What happens during G2 phase? | prepares for mitosis, proteins synthesized, and centrosomes duplicate |
| Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical | diploid cells for growth, repair, and maintenance |
| What are the phases of mitosis? | Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis |
| What is the first step of mitosis? | Prophase |
| What happens in prophase? | Chromatin condenses → chromosomes visible; spindle forms |
| What is the second step of mitosis? | prometaphase |
| what happens in prometaphase? | nuclear envelope breaks, microtubules attach to kinetochores |
| What is the third step of mitosis? | metaphase |
| what happens during metaphase? | Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate |
| What is the fourth step of mitosis? | Anaphase |
| What happens during anaphase? | Sister chromatids separate → opposite poles. |
| What is the 5th step of mitosis? | Telophase |
| What happens during telophase? | Nuclear envelopes reform, chromosomes decondense |
| What is the 6th step of mitosis? | Cytokinesis |
| What happens during cytokinesis of mitosis? | Cytoplasm divides → two daughter cells |
| Microtubules (MTs) | Protein fibers (tubulin) that form spindle apparatus |
| Kinetochore MTs: | Attach to centromeres to pull chromatids (specialized for conveyance) |
| Polar MTS | Extend pole-to-pole to stabilize the spindle extend toward the middle of cell |
| Astral MTS | short Anchor spindle to cell cortex. |
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