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genetics chapter 5

linkage, recombination and gene mapping

QuestionAnswer
genetic linkage certain alleles do not assort independently during meiosis and travel together for vertical generations
recombination separation of alleles on the same chromosome
crossing over exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis
what does it mean that two genes are linked? the genes are on the same chromosome and not assorted independently
syntenic genes located on the same chromosome
how is the 9:3:3:1 Mendelian ratio for two genes affected if both genes are linked? it changes the ratio because the alleles on the same chromosome are inherited more and do not assort independently
testcross used to determine if the genes are linked by crossing a dominant genotype individual and a homozygous recessive individual
recombination frequency/ how is it measured? gene pairs exhibiting different linkage frequencies due to the genes being arranged in a line on the chromosome. it is measured by counting the number of recombinant offspring and dividing it by the total number of offspring and multiplying it by 100
map unit units in genetics to measure distance between genes on the same chromosome
centimorgan unit of measure for recombination frequency; one m.u. is a 1% chance that a marker at one locus will be separated from a marker at another locus
why do recombination frequencies never reach above 50%? the proportion of recombinants should be less than parental combination, and there for if the frequency is less than 50% there is linkage.
single cross over one exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
double cross over two exchanges of genetic material between homologous chromosomes at two different points
how are genes mapped using recombination frequency? calculating percentage of offspring that show a new combination of traits
two point cross/ how is it used to map gene distances? experiment used to study the genetic linkage between two genes and estimate the difference between them on a chromosome. it maps gene distances by crossing a double heterozygote and a double recessive individual and finding the recombinant frequency
limitations of two point cross they cant determine the order of three or more genes, or if some gene pairs are really close together
three point cross experiment used to study and map the positions and relative distances of three linked genes on a chromosome
why are three point crosses more accurate? allow for determination of gene order and possible detection of double crossovers
why do genetic maps generated from crosses often differ from reality? they are based on recombinant frequency which is an indirect measure of distance, and it could be affected by several biological factors
recombination hotspots DNA regions with higher rates of recombination between chromosomes during meiosis I
chromosomal interference crossing over not occurring independently through some sort of inhibition
linkage group Genes chained together by linkage relationships
chi-square test hypothesis test to determine if there is a significant difference between the expected and observed frequencies of categorical data
degree of freedom he number of statistically independent values in a data set that are free to vary
null hypothesis statement that there is no significant difference between the hypothesized value of population parameter and the value estimated from a sample.
what is a p value and how is it used? it is a value used to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis, it is a value that measures how likely the results are due to random chance.
Created by: angievelasco
 

 



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