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Crop Sci Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how to describe carbohydrates molecularly | chains of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen attached |
| what is the main reason animal fats are often considered less healthy that plant fats | animal fats have more saturated fatty acids |
| which of the following food groups provides vitamins and minerals that most grains do not | fruit and vegetable crops |
| how much cropland is currently available per person in the world | 0.25 hectacres |
| what is the main benefit of grazing animals on land unsuitable for crop production | it allows more productive land to be used for growing crops |
| which of the following plants is used to produce biodiesel | soybean |
| what does the Farm Bill of 2014 and the Industrial Hemp Bill of 2015 allow | allows hemp research and limited production |
| what is the main issue with using plants for biofuels | there is competition for land and crops between food and biofuel production |
| which of the following is a plant derived therapeutic chemical | morphine |
| what is biophilia | the human attraction to other plant and animal species |
| true or false, plants can provide enough protein for the human diet but there is a concern they may not supply all the essential amino acids | true |
| true or false, cropland currently available per person in the world is enough to support a vegetarian diet for the current global population | true |
| true or false, using chemical fertilizers and pesticides only raises their energy footprint because of their reliance on non-renewable materials | false |
| true or false, when a crop is harvested and shipped to another location, the mineral nutrients are recycled back into the soil | false |
| true or false, biodiesel is made from plants like soybeans and other oil crops while ethanol is made from plants like corn and sugar cane | true |
| true or false, chemical use on urban and suburban landscapes is lower than on crop fields | false |
| true or false, nurseries and greenhouses can reduce their environmental footprint by recycling water and fertilizers and using low impact processes | true |
| true or false, there are only two major groups of food sources: fruit crops and cereal crops | false |
| true or false, it is important to consider management of human and animal waste as part of our agricultural footprint to reduce negative environmental impacts | true |
| true or false, high value therapeutic and diagnostic chemicals are the most rewarding to produce in genetically engineered plants | true |
| what is the difference between climate and weather | climate is the average conditions while weather is the immediate conditions |
| why is solar radiation considered the primary factor that determines climate | it influences the Earth's temperature and other climate factors |
| which of the following can modify the climate of an area | large bodies of water, altitude, and land masses |
| what is a microclimate | a set of conditions modified by small bodies of water, buildings, and depressions |
| how does latitude influence solar radiation intensity on Earth | radiation decreases as latitude increases |
| what is photoperiodism in plants | the plants response to changes in day length |
| which regions of the solar spectrum influence the shade avoidance response in plants | red and far red |
| what is the USDA plant hardiness zone map used for | it shows how cold winters get in different regions |
| which of the following is NOT a way water is moved through the hydrologic cycle | photosynthesis |
| true or false, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is more important than relative humditity for plant water loss because VPD is unaffected by temperature | true |
| true or false, vegetation reduces evaporation from the soil by increasing wind speed and lowering humidity | false |
| true or false, crop plants are more effective at reducing CO2 in the atmosphere than native plants | false |
| true or false, high winds are always damaging to plants | false |
| true or false, water loss from plants is higher for plants on the edge of a group of plants compared to those inside the group | true |
| true or false, ethylene gas has both beneficial and harmful effects on plants, such as ripening fruit and causing leaf drop | true |
| true or false, we manipulate photoperiod in a greenhouse as a way to control flowering by using artificial light and sheer cloth | false |
| true or false, some ways that water is moved from one area to another in the hydrologic cycle include condensation and ground water infiltration | true |
| true or false, dust negatively affects plants because it clogs tomatoes and reduces light that reaches the plant | true |
| true or false, the amount of N, O, and CO2 in the atmosphere is 410 ppm, 209,000 ppm, and 780,000ppm | false |
| true or false, disadvantages of irrigating crops include the salinization of water and the expensive cost of installation and maintenance of irrigation systems | true |
| true or false, vegetation reduces evaporation of water from the soil by decreasing humidity and increasing airflow across the soil | false |
| true or false, photoperiodism can affect flowering and bud-break in some plants | true |
| true or false, shade avoidance response can result in taller, more spindly plants as they compete with their neighboring plants to capture more sunlight | true |
| what are the basic components of soil | solids, organic matter, liquid, air |
| how does pore space relate to a productive soil | it determines how much water, air, and dissolved minerals are available to roots |
| what is the field capacity of a soil | the amount of water left in the soil after gravity has removed what it can |
| what is the parent material | the original rock that has weathered and broken down to form soil |
| what is a soil horizon | a distinct layer of soil with a unique composition |
| what is physical weathering | the breakdown of rocks due to temperature, water, and other forces |
| which of the following are the four processes of chemical weathering | dissolution, hydration, hydrolysis, oxidation |
| why are soils formed in regions of very high or very low rainfall usually not productive | high rainfall soils are often leached of nutrients and low rainfall soils tend to accumulate salts |
| how do plant roots add to the organic material in the soil | as they die, they decompose and contribute to the organic matter |
| what role do bacteria and fungi play in soil formation | they help break down organic material through decomposition |
| what is the role of mycorrhiza fungi in plants | they help plants with nutrient and water uptake |
| which topography promotes water erosion and which topography promotes wind erosion | steep topography promotes water erosion, flat topography promotes wind erosion |
| how do plants influence erosion | roots bind soil particles together, while leaves slow the impact of precipitation |
| why is soil in deserts considered to be very young | it has not developed distinct horizons |
| in which soil horizon are the most roots and biological activities found | A horizon |
| what is soil texture and what are the components that contribute to it | the arrangement of soil particles; sand, clay, and silt |
| what is soil structure | the arrangement of soil particles and aggregates |
| which soil type forms in warm, wet tropical regions and contains high amounts of iron and aluminum oxides | oxisols |
| what is soil pH and what is the optimal range for plants to grow in | the acidity or alkalinity of the soil; range of 5-7 |
| what does cation exchange capacity influence in the soil | soil's ability to hold positively charged plant nutrients |
| true or false, rhizobium provide nitrogen to the host plant and get carbohydrates in return | true |
| true or false, mollisols form in cool, humid regions and have a high silica content | false |
| true or false, sodic soils have high concentrations of several different soluble salts | false |
| true or false, loss of organic matter is a factor that contributes to soil degradation | true |
| C:N is the ratio of carbon to nitrogen and influences how fast C is released during decomposition | false |
| decomposition of organic matter provides soil particles with good cation exchange capacity, better structure, and better water holding capacity | true |
| humus is the last stage of decomposition that is resistant to further decomposition | true |
| what are the major differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms | angiosperms have flowers and fruits while gymnosperms do not |
| what type of cells are found in plants | eukaryotic |
| what is the plasmalemma | the membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a plant cell |
| what process takes place in the chloroplasts and mitochondria | photosynthesis in the chloroplasts, respiration in the mitochondria |
| how does the inheritance of DNA from the chloroplast and mitochondria differ from the inheritance of DNA in the nucleus | Nuclear DNA is inherited from both parents, mitochondrial DNA only from the female |
| what role does the tonoplast play in the vacuole | it selectively controls what enters and leaves the vacuole |
| what functions can the cell wall perform | structure and support |
| what are the strands of cytoplasmic material that connect individual plant cells called | plasmodesmata |
| what are meristems | regions of actively dividing cells that differentiate into tissues and organs |
| what kind of meristem is found in grass leaves | intercalary meristem |
| what kind of meristem causes the girth of woody perennial plants to increase | lateral meristem |
| what is the epidermis and what covers it | the outer layer of cells over the surfaces of the plant, usually covered by a waxy cuticle |
| what are parenchyma cells and how are they involved in healing wounds | thin walled cells that become meristematic if wounded and heal the wound |
| what does xylem do | conducts water and dissolved minerals to the rest of the plant |
| what does phloem do | carries sugar and metabolites from the leaves to other parts of the plant |
| in a root, what is the function of the root cap, Casparian strip, and root hairs | the root cap protects the growing root, the Casparian strip prevents unwanted water and minerals from entering, and root hairs absorb water and minerals |
| what are adventitious roots and where can they originate | roots that grow from non-radical meristematic tissues |
| secondary xylem and secondary phloem are produced by which tissue | vascular cambium |
| what is the difference between rhizomes and stolons | rhizomes are stems that grow underground, stolons are stems that grow above ground |
| which two leaf cell types contain chlorophyll | palisade and spongy mesophyll parenchyma |
| true or false, stomates are pores in leaves | true |
| true or false, guard cell control movement of water out of the cell by closing the parenchyma | false |
| true or false, monoecious plants have stamen and carpel/bearing flowers on the same plant | false |
| true or false, a bud is an undeveloped shoot or flower | true |
| true or false, a complete flower has all four parts and a perfect flower has a stamen and a carpel/pistil | true |
| true or false, solitary flowers are many flowers on a single, solitary stalk | false |
| true or false, the fruit of a plant is the mature ovary and its associated parts | true |
| true or false, orange peels are developed form the pericarp | true |
| true or false, a peach pit is a seed, not the fruit | false |
| true or false, achenes are actually a fruit, not the "seed" of strawberries as they are commonly called | true |
| true or false, endosperm is the only food storage for the embryo | false |
| true or false, the three parts of a plant embryo are the plumule, cotyledons, and perisperm | false |
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