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chapter 6 a&p
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the 3 things that compose the skeletal system | the bones of the skeleton |
| List the 3 things that compose the skeletal system | cartilages |
| List the 3 things that compose the skeletal system | ligaments |
| List and describe the 5 functions of the skeletal system | support - bones or groups of bones provides support for organs |
| List and describe the 5 functions of the skeletal system | storage of minerals and lipids - calcium and phosphate are stored in bone, as well as fat in the form of yellow marrow |
| List and describe the 5 functions of the skeletal system | blood cell production - red blood cells, white blood cells and other blood cells components are made in the red bone marrow |
| List and describe the 5 functions of the skeletal system | protection - surround soft tissues, like heart, lungs and brain |
| List and describe the 5 functions of the skeletal system | leverage - bones acts as lever for muscles to attach to and produce movement |
| List and describe the 6 classifications of bones based on shape. Also give examples | sutural bones or wormain bones - bones found between the sutures of the skull |
| List and describe the 6 classifications of bones based on shape. Also give examples | irregular bones - have comples shapes |
| List and describe the 6 classifications of bones based on shape. Also give examples | short bones - boxlike the bones have roughlt equal dimensions |
| List and describe the 6 classifications of bones based on shape. Also give examples | flat bones - thin and flat |
| List and describe the 6 classifications of bones based on shape. Also give examples | long bones - elongated bones with a shaft and two ends that are wider |
| List and describe the 6 classifications of bones based on shape. Also give examples | sesamoid bones - small, flat, and shaped like a sesame seed |
| Define the following bone markings: Processes | projection or bump |
| Define the following bone markings: Ramus/rami | extension of a bone that form an angle with the rest of the strucutre |
| Define the following bone markings: Sinus | chamber within the bone normlly filled with air |
| Define the following bone markings: Foramen | rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves "hole" |
| Define the following bone markings: Fissure | a deep furrow, cleft or slit |
| Define the following bone markings: Meatus | passage or channel especially the opening of a canal |
| Define the following bone markings: Canal | a duct or channel |
| Define the following bone markings: Trochanter | large rough projection |
| Define the following bone markings: Crest | prominent ridge |
| Define the following bone markings: spine | pointed process |
| Define the following bone markings: tubercle | small rounded projection |
| Define the following bone markings: tuberosity | rough projection |
| Define the following bone markings: head | expanded articular end of the bone |
| Define the following bone markings: neck | attatches a head to a bone |
| Define the following bone markings: facet | small flat articular surface |
| Define the following bone markings: condyle | smooth articular process |
| Define the following bone markings: trochlea | smooth articulare process shaped like a pulley |
| Define the following bone markings: sulcus | narrow groove |
| Define the following bone markings: fossa | shallow depression "pit" |
| Define the following parts of a long bone: Diaphysis- compact bone | the wall of the diaphysis is composed of compact bone and is very solid |
| Define the following parts of a long bone: Diaphysis- medullary cavity | inside the diaphysis |
| Define the following parts of a long bone: Diaphysis- yellow marrow | the medullary cavity contains yellow marrow to store fat |
| Define the following parts of a long bone: Epiphysis- spongy bone (where is it located) | at the end of long bones there is an expanded area |
| Define the following parts of a long bone: Epiphysis- red bone marrow | the site of blood cell production |
| Define the following parts of a long bone: Epiphysis- coritcal bone | the spongy bone is covered by a thin layer of compact bone called cortical bone |
| Define the following parts of a long bone: Metaphysis- | attaching the epiphysis to the diaphysis is a narrow region called the metaphysis |
| Flat bones resemble a sandwich of two layers of compact bone with _________________________ in between | spongy bone in between |
| The spongy bones found between the two layers of compact bone (cortex) is called __________________________________ | dipole |
| What is the matrix of bone? | is dense deposits of calcium salts |
| Define the following terms: Osteocytes | the matrix contains bone cells called osteocytes located in the lacunae (chambers that house bones cells) |
| Define the following terms: Lacunae | are around blood vessels in bones matrix |
| Define the following terms: Canaliculi | narrow passages through the matric of bone that pass between lacunae and blood vessels nearby allow exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gasses |
| Except at joints, bone is covered by a ______________________________ on the outer surface of bone | periosteum |
| list and define the 2 layers of the periosteum | outer fibrous layer |
| list and define the 2 layers of the periosteum | inner cellular layer |
| The Calcium salt, ______________________________, makes up the bulk of bones matrix | calcium phosphate |
| Calcium phosphate reacts with calcium hydroxide to produce crystals called _____________________________. | hydroxyapatite |
| ________________________ are added to bones matrix to add flexibility to them | collagen fibers |
| Define the following terms: Osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells | produce osteobasts, that in turn becomes osteocytes |
| Define the following terms: Osteoblasts | build bone and give rise to osteocytes |
| Define the following terms: Osteocytes | mature bones cells that maintain bone |
| Define the following terms: Osteoclasts | break down bone and derived from phagocytic cells |
| What cells are mature bone cells? | osteocytes |
| Each osteocyte occupies a __________________________, where no more than _________ osteocyte occupies a ____________________________. | a lacunae , one osteocyte |
| What are the 2 functions of osteocytes? | maintain bone matrix |
| What are the 2 functions of osteocytes? | repair damaged bone |
| What are osteoclasts? | immature bone cells |
| What do they do? | resonsible for producing new bone matrix in a process called ossification or osteogenesis |
| Define the following terms: Osteon | the basic functional unit of mature comapct bone is the osteon |
| Define the following terms: central canal- | the osteon is arranged with osteocytes in lacunae, in concentric layers around the vascular central canal - the central canal contains blood vessels |
| Define the following terms: perforating canals | other passages for blood vessels called perforating canals extend perpendicular to the surface |
| Define the following terms: concentric lamellae- | concentric rings called concentric lamellae form around each central canal |
| Define the following terms: Canaliculi | radiate through the lamellae connecting lacunae of the osteons with each other |
| Define the following terms: Interstitial lamellae- | fill in the space between each osteon |
| Define the following terms: Circumferential lamellae- | wrap around the outer surface of the bones and is covered by periosteum |
| How are spongy bones lamellae organized? | are not arranged |
| What are trabeculae? | they arranged in a network of fibers |
| Where is spongy bone located? | in the epiphysis on long bones |
| What do you find in spongy bone? | -red bone marrow, which forms blood cells -may contain yellow marrow or fat deposits |
| What else does spongy bone do and why? | allows for a better distribution of the load, functions to reduce the weight of skeleton |
| Where is and where is not periosteum? | except inside of joints, the most superficial covering of bone is the periosteum |
| List the 2 layers of periosteum: | an outer fibrous layer |
| List the 2 layers of periosteum: | an inner cellular layer |
| List the 3 functions of the periosteum: | isolated bones from surrounding tissues |
| List the 3 functions of the periosteum: | provides route for blood vessels and nerves |
| List the 3 functions of the periosteum: | takes part in bone repair and growth |
| How does the periosteum incorporate into the tendons of muscles? | the outer fibrous layers incorporates into the tendons of muscles via perforating fibers |
| What else does it do? | these fibers also attatch the periosteum to the bone |
| What is the endosteum? | an incomplete cellular layer lining the medullary cavity |
| active in bone growth, _______________, and ______________________ | repair, remodeling |
| Covers __________________________of spongy bones, and the insides of central canals of compact bone | trabeculae, of compact bones |
| Here ____________________ and ___________________________ add or remove bone | osteoblasts, osteoclasts |
| What does most bones begin as? | cartilage |
| Define the following terms: Ossification or Osteogenesis | the process of bone formation |
| Define the following terms: Calcification | depositing calcium salts during ossification |
| Define the following terms: Endochondral ossification | occurs in hyaline cartilage |
| Define the following terms: Intramembranous ossification- | occurs mostly in the dermins of the cutaneous membrane |
| What type of cartilage does most bones begin as? | hyaline cartilage |
| What gradually replaces cartilage with bone? | with bone by endochondral ossification |
| List and describe the 7 steps of endochondral ossification: | As cartilage get bigger, the chondrocytes begin to die (as they are deprived of nutrients) leaving larger holes in the cartilage. |
| List and describe the 7 steps of endochondral ossification: | Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage, then cells of the perichondrium convert to osteoblasts, and incase the shaft in bone. |
| List and describe the 7 steps of endochondral ossification: | Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage, the osteoblasts are turned on making spongy bone in the primary ossification center. Bone formations spread to the end of the bones |
| List and describe the 7 steps of endochondral ossification: | Remodeling happens creating the medullary cavity and the shaft becomes thicker and bone increases in length and diameter |
| List and describe the 7 steps of endochondral ossification: | Blood vessels penetrate epiphysis creating secondary ossification center |
| List and describe the 7 steps of endochondral ossification: | Epiphysis gets filled with spongy bone |
| List and describe the 7 steps of endochondral ossification: | at puberty, epiphyseal cartilage growth slows |
| What is intramembranous bone growth? | produces dermal bones such as mandible (lower jaw) and clavicles (collarbones) |
| List and describe the 5 main steps: | |
| List and describe the 5 main steps: | |
| List and describe the 5 main steps: | |
| List and describe the 5 main steps: | |
| List and describe the 5 main steps: | |
| What is appositional bone growth? | compact bones thicken by adding on layers of circumferential lamellae |
| List and define the 3 types of blood vessels found in bones: | Nutrient arteries and veins- the result of blood vessels invading cartilage to form primary ossification centers. |
| List and define the 3 types of blood vessels found in bones: | Metaphyseal arteries and veins- product of blood vessels invading to produce secondary ossification centers |
| List and define the 3 types of blood vessels found in bones: | Periosteal vessels- blood vessels of periosteum. These supply the most superficial bones cells |
| Why is calcium important? | for muscle cells, heart, nerves, and cell membranes (signaling) |
| What regulates calcium? | calcium ions (Ca2+) is highly regulated by hormones in the body |
| List and describe the 2 hormones that regulate calcium: | calcitonin - released when calcium is high and lowers calcium (negative feedback) |
| List and describe the 2 hormones that regulate calcium: | parathyroid hormone - release when calcium is low and raises calcium levels (negative feedback) |
| What kind of feedback is calcium regulated by? | negative feedback |
| List the 4 ways that PTH regulate calcium in the blood: | stimulating osteoclast activity |
| List the 4 ways that PTH regulate calcium in the blood: | inhibiting osteoblast activity |
| List the 4 ways that PTH regulate calcium in the blood: | decreasing clacium ecrection at kidneys |
| List the 4 ways that PTH regulate calcium in the blood: | increasing intestinal absorption of calcium along wiht calcitriol |
| List the 4 ways that calcitonin regulates calcium: | inhibting osteoclast acitivty |
| List the 4 ways that calcitonin regulates calcium: | stimulating osteoblast activity |
| List the 4 ways that calcitonin regulates calcium: | increasing clacium excretion at kidneys |
| List the 4 ways that calcitonin regulates calcium: | decreases inststinal absortption of calcium |
| What is a fracture? | is damage to a bone |
| Define the following fractures: Non-displaced fracture- | the ends of the bone are in it's natural position |
| Define the following fractures: Displaced fracture- | bone ends are out of alignment |
| Define the following fractures: Complete fracture- | bone is completely broken |
| Define the following fractures: Incomplete fracture | bone is parially broken |
| Define the following fractures: Compound fracture- | bone breaks through skin |
| Define the following fractures: Simple fracture- | bone does not break through the skin |
| List and describe the 4 steps in bone repair: | fracture hematoma formation |
| List and describe the 4 steps in bone repair: | callus formation |
| List and describe the 4 steps in bone repair: | spongy bone formation |
| List and describe the 4 steps in bone repair: | compact bone formation |
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